Reunion dinner for Tujia boys in Hunan： the menu is ＂confidential＂, and it is dawn when eating.

My hometown is Sangzhi County, Zhangjiajie City, and I am a Tujia boy. Different from the general New Year’s Eve dinner, we usually have a reunion dinner in the early morning of the New Year’s Eve, almost as early as possible, and families will start preparing from dawn.

Therefore, every year at the reunion dinner, the family will experience the moment when the sky is bright after eating. If we are lucky, we can also hear the sound of fireworks and firecrackers set off by nearby residents during the reunion dinner. On this day, people will look forward to the good weather in the coming year, just like farmers, and they all hope that all their wishes will come true and everything will go well in the new year.

Family members have been preparing dishes for the reunion dinner since early in the morning.

When I was a child, I heard from the older generation that Tujia people have the custom of catching up with the New Year, usually having a reunion dinner on the night of the 29th of the twelfth lunar month. But as a Tujia, I have had a reunion dinner on the morning of New Year’s Eve since I was a child. Yes, this is our morning New Year’s Eve dinner.

This year is the same. Our family chose to have a reunion dinner at our third aunt’s house. It is said that three aunts and three uncles have been buying food since the beginning of the twelfth lunar month, including killing pigs from the countryside, and then finding people to smoke them into bacon and sausages. Smoked bacon can be steamed, fried and cooked, and each method is delicious.

Except for bacon, the menu of the annual reunion dinner is "confidential", and people who come to eat don’t know what to eat until the food is served on the table. This year, I asked my third aunt for a menu in advance, including: steak, steamed sausage, fried bacon, pig’s head meat, chicken hotpot, tasty fish, bacon trotters and so on.

I got up early, set out from home and walked.13I came to my third aunt’s house in minutes, and it was early morning.sixHalf past ten. Three aunts and three uncles are already busy. "Honey, thaw the pig’s trotters first, then wash them. I’ll wash those small dishes first. After you finish, then cut the sausage." Third aunt shouted.

At this time, it was just dawn outside. In the words of my composition when I was a child, it was "the sky turned into a fish-belly white". The preparation of the two people’s dishes lasted for almost an hour, and I would help them from time to time. After washing the vegetables, it was already bright outside.

It was dawn after eating, and fireworks sounded outside the house.

At this time, I came to the most important link.——Cooking. My uncle used to work in the cookhouse squad of the army, so he naturally cooked the reunion dinner. Ignite, take out the pot, burn oil and hot dishes. One by one, the ingredients change from raw to cooked in the pot, and the hot air and aroma are intertwined. Third Aunt can’t help but say, "The dishes smell good!"

fromeightAt half past ten, relatives at home knocked at the door one after another, and my brother and nephews scrambled to open the door. "Happy New Year!" Every guest who comes in will say such a sentence. In a short time, the house was full of people.

The dishes were brought to the table and the table was quickly filled. People who were sitting around the fire table smelled the fragrance and came to the table automatically. There is a special program of Spring Festival on the news channel on TV. Overseas Chinese all live the same festival belonging to China people in different places.

Our whole family picked up cups and raised their glasses to wish a happy New Year. It was cloudy that day. Although the sun didn’t come out, there were bursts of fireworks and firecrackers outside the house.——People have a reunion dinner on the morning of New Year’s Eve, saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new, hoping for a better year.

Xiaoxiang morning herald reporter Man Yankun

News clue breaking channel: the application market downloads the "Morning Video" client and enters the topic of "Morning Help"; Or call the morning video news hotline 0731-85571188.

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Solar term Chengdu ｜ Great cold, snow has fallen in Xiling Snow Mountain.

Original title: Solar Term Chengdu | Great Cold, Xiling Snow Mountain has fallen heavily.

Every winter comes to an end.

It’s a cold year to welcome the Spring Festival.

January 20, 2024

-great cold

Winter goes and spring comes, and the years flow.

Great cold is the poetic end of winter.

It is also the beginning of a new round of solar terms.

There are three Hou in the great cold

One wait: the chicken begins to milk.Milk, used as a verb here, means reproductive feeding. Everything has been sleeping for a whole winter. At this moment, they feel the budding spring air. Chickens began to hatch chicks, and the world ushered in new life.

The second stage: the bird is severely ill.About five days after the great cold, falcons, such as eagles, will hover around in the air looking for food to replenish their energy to resist the cold.

Third stage: Shui Ze’s abdomen is firm.In another five days, the ice in the northern waters will be frozen to the center of the water, solid and thick.

The Great Cold Day in Old Chengdu:

Wei sumptuous food

Source: Dai Shuliang’s old Chengdu folk festival painting "Great Cold"

Tail teeth originated from the custom of worshipping the land as "teeth" The so-called February is the first tooth, and it will be the "tooth" every second and sixteenth day, and it happens to be the tail tooth on December 16th of the lunar calendar. Under normal circumstances, the worship of the tail teeth usually begins at 4 or 5 pm on December 16. When the tail tooth worships the land Lord, the altar will be set in front of the land Lord. There will also be a altar at the door or back door to worship the foundation owner. Sacrificial offerings include sacrificial rites (chicken, fish and pig), four fruits (four kinds of fruits, among which citrus and apple are necessary), and "spring rolls", that is, moist cakes, which are filled with bean sprouts, carrots, shredded bamboo shoots, shredded pork and coriander, and are wrapped with peanut powder, which tastes delicious. Tail teeth originated from the custom of worshipping the land Lord as "teeth" The so-called second day of February is the first tooth. From now on, every second day and sixteenth day will be the "tooth", and it happens to be the tail tooth on December 16th of the lunar calendar.

Laba porridge

When the great cold comes, every household in old Chengdu will eat Laba porridge, which means that the grain is abundant and people and animals are prosperous. Ordinary people will cook residual vegetables, noodles and red beans into porridge on this day. Rich people should add delicious dishes such as meat, chicken and delicacies when cooking porridge. Nowadays, people cook laba porridge with whole grains and peanuts and red dates.

Appreciate plums

When plum blossoms "bloom alone", it is also a good time to enjoy plum blossoms in a year. In the cold season, going to Du Fu’s thatched cottage to enjoy plums is also a custom that has been preserved in old Chengdu. Not only Du Fu Caotang, but also People’s Park, Cultural Palace, Baihuatan and other places at that time can see plum blossoms in full bloom.

Today’s cold day in Chengdu:

Sauna

In the cold winter, sauna has become a popular way of health care for many people. Sauna can not only keep warm, but also relax and detoxify.It is undoubtedly a pleasant option in winter..

Pick oranges

Winter is the season when oranges are ripe, and golden sweet oranges are covered with branches, which is the warmth and sweetness of winter. In this cold season, tasting a fresh orange can not only moisten the taste, but also bring you warm comfort.

Xiling Snow Mountain reproduces the most beautiful snow scene in the middle of winter.

"It’s easy to dry sand and soft roads when it’s slightly wet, but it’s warm and snowy and sunny when it’s cold." After an unusually warm "March 9th", today, on the third day of entering the "April 9th", along with the "Great Cold" solar terms, there is also a big reversal of cold and warm.

Affected by the nationwide cooling, Xiling Snow Mountain ushered in the first heavy snowfall in 2024. In a few hours, the whole mountain was covered with a large quilt of edelweiss, and the thickest place was at least 10cm. Xiling Snow Mountain has opened the most beautiful snow scene mode in winter. Snow leaves are stained with frost, and the sky is full of clouds and clouds at sunrise. Such a beautiful Xiling Snow Mountain is waiting for you!

Great cold solar terms meet cold wave crit

Quick freezing "doubles", adding cold to cold.

Remind friends to pay attention to keeping warm and keeping out the cold.

Editor | Deng Ying

-Recommended reading-

Strong cooling is coming! Will it snow in Chengdu?

Recent popular videos

Editor in charge:

What do you feel most about the big pk in winter in the north and south？

It’s another year, north and south"hidden temperature difference"It’s the biggest season. Some people say that the biggest misunderstanding between people in the north and the south is that southerners think northerners are more frost-resistant, while northerners think that winter in the south is not cold. In fact, apart from the temperature difference between the north and the south, there are also these. ……
Recently, there are always friends who punch in one after another in Weibo:
"It’s cool to have heating!"
"I can finally have a good bath."
"It was too hot to sleep, so I opened the window."
"I just hoarded three boxes of Mattel."
……
At the same time,
The mood of the babies in the south is sauce purple
So, what is the real situation in winter in the north and south?
Let’s start with two scenes.
Outdoor articles
Judging from the weather forecast, after entering the deep winter, the average outdoor temperature in the north is basically below zero, and the northeast, Inner Mongolia and other places can even reach below-30℃, which is properly cold!
However, the average temperature in winter in many places in the south is basically above 0℃, which is obviously higher than that in the north in terms of temperature figures.
However, friends who have experienced winter in the north and south all feel that it is colder in the south. ……
What is the reason?
As for whether it is cold in winter in the south or cold in winter in the north, there is a saying circulating on the Internet:The cold in the south is a "magic attack" and the cold in the north is a "physical attack".
Obviously, the temperature is higher but it feels colder. This is actually the feeling of "somatosensory temperature". Somatosensory temperature is a kind of feeling that people get physically or mentally when they come into contact with the external environment through the skin. Because of other climate-related conditions, the thermal convection between air and human body is affected, which makes the temperature that people feel different from the actual situation, so it is also called apparent temperature or perceived temperature, which is affected by many factors such as temperature, humidity, wind and solar radiation.
For example,Humidity effect-Although the temperature in the south is not very low in winter, it is humid wind blowing in the south. The thermal conductivity of humid air is much higher than that of dry air. In cold winter, people will lose more heat in contact with the outside world, and the temperature of the human body is easy to radiate. The temperature of the human body surface is often as low as that of the surrounding area. It is dry wind blowing in the north. Although it is cold, it is only that the surrounding temperature drops, and the temperature of human body surface has not changed much. This is dry and cold.
Studies have shown that for every 10% increase in humidity, people’s somatosensory temperature will decrease by 1℃. In other words, even if the temperature in the south is 3℃ higher, if the humidity is 30% higher than that in the north, the somatosensory temperature will be the same.
Image source: Network
Indoor articles
It is often said on the Internet that "I show my waist in the bright sun in the south, and you are wrapped in mink in the cold winter in the north". However, after the heating came in the north, the painting style changed into "You are snowing in the sunny south, and I am like spring in the cold night in the north".
Except for the occasional outdoor activities, most of us spend most of our time indoors during the day. Therefore,From the outdoor to the indoor, this began the real contest of the temperature pk between the north and the south.
Heating is widely used in the north in winter, whether it is unified heating or self-heating, the indoor temperature is generally above 20℃, which is still very warm compared with outdoor. From the outdoor to the indoor, the temperature difference is 30℃ upward, which often has the feeling of changing seasons.
In the south, although it is cold outdoors, it is occasionally blessed by sunlight. The warmth index is not high, but it is not as cold as indoor. There is no sunshine indoors, and the temperature is the same as that outside. The "wet and cold" version is cool for you.
Read this,
Maybe a little friend asked,
I’m in the south. I’m not cold here. ……
In fact,Not all places have four seasons.. For example, Kunming, Xining and Lhasa have no summer all the year round because of their geographical location and topographical characteristics, and spring and autumn are connected. However, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Nanning, Haikou, Taipei, Hong Kong and Macao are connected by autumn and spring because of their southerly latitudes.
It’s getting colder every day,
Whether it is a northern friend who lives by heating,
Or the friends who are blessed by quilts in the south,
Keeping warm is king!
References: China Meteorological News Agency, Sina Weibo, Sohu, China News Network, Baidu Search.
Editor in charge: Shirley
Reporting/feedback

＂There is a life called Yunnan＂ leads the new fashion.

　　The second meeting of the 14th People’s Congress of Yunnan Province was held recently in Kunming. Wang Yubo, governor of Yunnan Province, said in the government work report that in 2023, Yunnan paid close attention to the rectification of the tourism market order and the improvement of service quality, and added two national demonstration zones for the integration of cultural industry and tourism industry. The cultural landscape of Jingmai Mountain ancient tea forest was successfully applied for, and "there is a life called Yunnan" led the new fashion of tourism development and promoted the high-quality transformation and upgrading of the cultural tourism industry. In 2023, Yunnan received 1.042 billion tourists and the total tourism revenue reached 1.44 trillion yuan.

　　The report makes it clear that in 2024, Yunnan will carry out the "six actions" of high-quality tourism development, continuously standardize market order, build "two lines, one belt and one district" and accelerate the cultivation of world-class tourist attractions and resorts. Create an upgraded version of rural tourism, build the most beautiful homesickness tourism belt, and cultivate a number of demonstration sites for the integration of agricultural, cultural and tourism. Improve the brand communication matrix of "There is a life called Yunnan". More than 200 high-level cultural tourism and sports investment projects were launched, 120 new business enterprises and 10 travel agencies with operating income exceeding 100 million yuan were added. The total tourism revenue exceeded 1.5 trillion yuan.

　　It is also known that in 2023, Yunnan held a conference on the high-quality development of tourism in the whole province, and issued documents such as "Three-year Action for Building a Strong Cultural and Tourism Province in Yunnan (2023-2025)" and "Several Work Measures for Strengthening the Order of the Tourism Market", and implemented a three-year action plan for rural tourism to boost rural revitalization, and carried out a hundred-day action to rectify the order of the tourism market to promote the overall improvement of the tourism market order.(Yang Yunuo)　

New energy vehicles go to the countryside to speed up again

　　Source: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Cartography: Wang Zheping

　　Recently, new energy vehicles have repeatedly received favorable policies for going to the countryside. The the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee meeting stressed that it is necessary to boost large-scale consumption such as automobiles, electronic products and homes; The "Measures on Restoring and Expanding Consumption" proposes to implement policies such as building a high-quality charging infrastructure system, supporting new energy vehicles to go to the countryside, and continuing and optimizing vehicle purchase tax reduction and exemption for new energy vehicles; The National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration issued opinions, calling for accelerating the construction of charging infrastructure and better supporting new energy vehicles to go to the countryside and rural revitalization; The Ministry of Commerce made it clear that the "Consumption Boosting Year" would focus on key areas, and organized the activity of new energy vehicles going to the countryside in thousands of counties and towns … …

　　What is the implementation of relevant policies? How to better meet the needs of the masses? How to build a supporting service system? The launching ceremony of this year’s new energy vehicles going to the countryside was held in Jingmen, Hubei Province a few days ago. The reporter conducted an investigation here.

　　— — Editor

　　"I deliberately got up early on weekends, and there are still many people watching cars!" The 4S shop was crowded, and Li Chengwu and his wife followed the salespeople closely. The newlyweds, who live in Levin Town, Shayang County, Jingmen City, planned to buy a new energy car at the beginning of the year, so they have to make a good choice when they go to town this time.

　　In June this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Commerce, and the National Energy Administration simultaneously launched the 2023 new energy vehicles going to the countryside in Wuxi, Jiangsu, Qionghai, Hainan, and Jingmen, Hubei. The model that Mr. and Mrs. Li Chengwu are interested in happens to be among them, and there are many discounts.

　　The construction of charging piles goes ahead, and the market demand in counties and townships continues to be released.

　　Why is China-Italy new energy vehicle? Li Chengwu and his wife calculated the account: buy a model with a battery life of 200 kilometers and charge it once a week to meet the daily travel needs; Using public fast charging facilities can save three or four thousand yuan a year compared with fuel vehicles.

　　Convenient and affordable, it has become the main consideration for many customers to buy cars. Haodi Company is BYD’s general agent in Jingmen area. Chen Quan, sales manager, told reporters: "Recently, the company’s monthly turnover has stabilized at more than 200 vehicles, and many more customers have bought cars from counties and villages." It is understood that BYD originally had only two 4S stores in Jingmen, and now it is planning to open new stores in county-level cities such as Jingshan and Zhongxiang.

　　Why should we promote new energy vehicles to the countryside? According to the study of electric vehicle travel in rural areas of China, by 2030, there will be nearly 160 vehicles with 1,000 people in rural areas of China, with a total of over 70 million vehicles, and the market scale may reach 500 billion yuan. Peng Yong, deputy director of Jingmen Economic and Information Bureau, said that the market penetration rate of pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles is 15.9% and 10.4% in counties and villages of the city, which still has great growth potential compared with the central city.

　　What is the first problem to be solved to stimulate growth potential? Cui Dongshu, secretary general of the National Passenger Car Market Information Association, believes that the construction of charging piles must be laid out in advance for new energy vehicles going to the countryside.

　　When the reporter came to Levin Town, he met Dai Feilong, a new energy owner, in a parking lot: "Two years ago, there was a slow-filling pile in the town, and I bought a pure electric car. Now a new fast-filling pile has been built, which can be fully charged in less than an hour, which is more convenient. "

　　Since 2021, State Grid Jingmen Power Supply Company has built charging facilities in 52 towns and villages in the city. This year, it has completed upgrading and expansion, and built 58 DC fast charging stations, equipped with 112 fast charging piles and 120 slow charging piles, which is the first in the province to achieve full coverage of fast charging piles in towns and villages. From January to June this year, the charging capacity of charging piles in Jingmen township increased by 182.33% year-on-year, ranking first in the province.

　　"The charging piles at the entrances and exits of township expressways and popular tourist villages are used frequently, and we have added fast-filling piles." Huang Kai, head of the electric vehicle business of State Grid Jingmen Power Supply Company, believes that the charging infrastructure should be built in front, so that consumers can have no worries.

　　When new energy vehicles enter the village, the demand for personal charging piles is greater. Not long ago, Yu Liangrui, a villager from Zengmiao Village, Zilingpu Town, Dongbao District, Jingmen City, applied for charging pile installation business on his mobile phone. On the same day, the staff of State Grid visited the site to complete the on-site investigation; Two days later, the charging pile was electrified. "Many families in rural areas have single-family houses and have enough space to install personal charging piles. This advantage makes it difficult for towns to compete. " Huang Kai said.

　　Demand upgrade leads product iteration, and vehicle functionality is continuously enhanced.

　　Set up tents, put up banners and put gifts … … In Macheng Town Square, Duodao District, Jingmen City, the off-line tour of new energy vehicles attracts residents to experience.

　　For several years, Chen Quan first drove the demo car to the boundary far away from the city. "In less than half a day, the contact information of several interested customers has been added." Chen Quan said that there will be more exhibitions in towns and villages.

　　Xiao Liu, a staff member of Macheng Industrial Park, bought a plug-in hybrid car two years ago. Now he is a little annoyed. "I should have bought pure electricity at the beginning." She found that the touring models not only have longer cruising range and faster charging speed, but also add practical new functions such as smart parking and digital keys.

　　Compared with the early years when cars went to the countryside to mainly solve the problem of "whether there is", now with the improvement of consumption level, new energy vehicles have to solve the problem of "whether it is good or not". Chen Jintao, deputy director of the Economic and Information Bureau of Duodao District, exemplified that some middle-aged consumers are facing the demand for vehicle redemption, and whether the cruising range is sufficient is the main consideration; For young people who buy the first car, the new "gameplay" related to assisted driving and intelligent network connection is more attractive.

　　The reporter consulted the catalogue of four rounds of new energy vehicles going to the countryside and found that only 10 companies and less than 20 models initially participated in the countryside, most of which were traditional car companies. This year, the number of models going to the countryside has increased to 69, which has opened up the distinction in terms of price, function and power, and some mid-to high-end models have also been included.

　　Products are iterative with the upgrading of demand, and so are commercial vehicles. According to the data of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, in 2022, the sales of new energy commercial vehicles in China accounted for about 1/10 of the total sales of commercial vehicles. The reporter learned that among commercial trucks, the micro-closed van that the masses call "micro-surface" is the mainstream model and is often used for short-distance logistics transportation.

　　Liu Jun is a pure electric micro-surface user of Dongfeng Motor, who lives in Tuanlinpu Town, Duodao District. In the early morning, he drove agricultural products to the vegetable market in the city. In his spare time, he took orders to distribute food and department stores on the group buying and pulling platform, and traveled more than 100 kilometers every day. However, occasionally receiving a list of decoration building materials made him quite puzzled: "It is not easy to put a water pipe three or five meters long in the car. If only the cargo compartment were bigger. "

　　For Liu Jun, the car should not only run fast but also save money and be reliable. Pan Chonggang, deputy director of the commodity planning department of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. said that the pure electric micro-surface currently sold by Dongfeng is based on the original passenger micro-surface "oil to electricity", and the loading capacity is limited. To this end, they decided to upgrade the product line and design a brand-new pure electric micro-surface model.

　　The R&D team was stationed in rural areas of Zhejiang and Hubei to investigate the use scenarios such as express delivery into the village. "We found that the hillside into the village is slippery, and the car should have good handling stability and sufficient power; In order to facilitate loading and unloading, the volume of the cargo compartment should be increased to at least 5 to 6 cubic meters, and spacious side doors and tailgates are needed. " Pan Chonggang said, "The new pure electric micro-surface car has been tested and is planned to go on the market next year."

　　The supply of affordable vehicles needs to be strengthened, and shortcomings such as after-sales maintenance need to be filled.

　　From urban areas to counties, towns and villages, with the gradual sinking of the market, consumers need different models. The reporter found in the interview that the cruising range of 300 kilometers is too short for some urban consumers, but it may be too long in the village — — Many villagers make a living by farming or small businesses, and are unwilling to pay for miles they don’t need.

　　Zheng Peng, secretary-general of Hubei Electric Vehicle Circulation Association, said that the models purchased by county and township consumers are mainly A00-class mini new energy vehicles and A0-class small new energy vehicles, accounting for about 60% to 70%, and the price ranges from 50,000 to 80,000 yuan.

　　"For some consumers who only need to travel instead of walking, electric three-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles are more attractive; For fellow villagers with production needs, the cargo capacity of new energy trucks is generally small, and there are not many optional brands of commercial vehicles such as pickup trucks, light trucks and micro-noodles. " Zheng Peng suggested that relevant enterprises should reduce costs and increase efficiency from product design, supply chain and other aspects, develop more "explosive" products for the rural market, and constantly explore the market "blue ocean".

　　What aspects can be improved to promote new energy vehicles to the countryside?

　　The charging facilities in township areas are scattered, and the construction and management costs are high. Huang Kai opens the monitoring page of the charging station in the operation center of State Grid Vehicle Networking Platform on the computer, and four colored circles indicate the utilization rate, failure rate, offline rate and charging success rate of the station. He admits that in the past year, the supply of slow filling piles in towns and villages in the city has exceeded demand, and the utilization rate is generally not high; However, in the peak period of returning home such as the Spring Festival, the demand for fast filling piles is in short supply.

　　According to estimates, according to the calculation of adding 6,000 new energy vehicles every year in Jingmen City, the centralized charging load in the city will reach 250,000 kilowatts in 2030. "There are more and more users installing personal charging piles now. Adding a slow-filling pile is equivalent to adding four 1.5-horse air conditioners, which greatly improves the requirements for transformer capacity. " Huang Kai is worried that the relatively weak rural power grid is difficult to load.

　　At the same time, the blocking point of after-sales maintenance also needs to be cleared. Some car owners report that many auto repair shops can’t repair new energy vehicles. Zheng Peng introduced that the maintenance of fuel vehicles is mainly mechanical maintenance, while the maintenance of new energy vehicles is mainly in battery circuits, and having an electrician’s operation certificate is the basic threshold. At present, there is a market gap of more than 40% for technicians who are proficient in "three electricity" maintenance such as batteries, motors and electronic control systems.

　　Focusing on the bottleneck problem that restricts new energy vehicles from going to the countryside, relevant measures are being improved from top-level design to local practice. The "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Charging Infrastructure to Better Support New Energy Vehicles to the Countryside and Rural Revitalization" puts forward 11 specific measures in three aspects, and strives to promote new energy vehicles to the countryside by moderately advancing the construction of charging infrastructure and optimizing the purchase and use environment of new energy vehicles. "Some vocational schools in Hubei Province have set up new energy auto repair majors, and the Provincial Electric Vehicle Circulation Association is also carrying out new energy auto repair technician training business, and plans to jointly develop and launch new energy vehicle battery maintenance standards with insurance companies." Zheng Peng said that the road will be smoother when new energy vehicles go to the countryside.

Stock Market Express： Disu Fashion (603587) sold 2,294,400 yuan of main funds on January 29th.

According to Securities Star, as of the close of January 29th, 2024, Disu Fashion (603587) closed at 12.78 yuan, down 2.96%, with a turnover rate of 0.48%, with a turnover of 22,600 lots and a turnover of 29,298,900 yuan.

On the data of capital flow on January 29th, the net outflow of main funds was 2,294,400 yuan, accounting for 7.83% of the total turnover, the net outflow of hot money was 617,900 yuan, accounting for 2.11% of the total turnover, and the net inflow of retail funds was 2,912,300 yuan, accounting for 9.94% of the total turnover.

See the following table for a summary of capital flows in the past five days:

The main indicators and industry rankings of this stock are as follows:

The third quarterly report of Disu Fashion in 2023 showed that the company’s main income was 1.846 billion yuan, up 7.37% year-on-year; The net profit of returning to the mother was 414 million yuan, up 10.17% year-on-year; Deducting non-net profit was 353 million yuan, up 10.76% year-on-year; In the third quarter of 2023, the company’s main revenue in a single quarter was 598 million yuan, down 3.28% year-on-year; The net profit returned to the mother in a single quarter was 107 million yuan, down 13.54% year-on-year; Non-net profit in a single quarter was 103 million yuan, down 14.52% year-on-year; The debt ratio is 19.5%, the investment income is-4,723,700 yuan, the financial expenses are-50,729,900 yuan, and the gross profit margin is 74.81%. Disu Fashion (603587) is mainly engaged in the design, promotion and sales of high-end brand women’s wear.

In the last 90 days, the stock has been rated by 9 institutions, with 7 buy ratings and 2 overweight ratings. The average target price of institutions in the past 90 days was 17.46.

Explanation of the term "capital flow": refers to the reversal of capital flow through price changes. When the stock price is in a rising state, the turnover formed by active buying orders is the driving force for the stock price to rise, which is defined as capital inflow, and when the stock price is in a falling state, the turnover generated by active selling orders is the driving force for the stock price to fall, which is defined as capital outflow. The difference between the two forces on that day is the net force left to push the stock price up after the two forces offset each other on that day. Calculate the main capital flow, hot money flow and retail capital flow through the transaction amount of each transaction.

Note: The main funds are large single transactions, the hot money is large single transactions, and the retail investors are small and medium single transactions.

The above contents are compiled by Securities Star according to public information and generated by algorithm, which has nothing to do with the position of this website. Securities Star strives for but does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, effectiveness and timeliness of all or part of this information (including but not limited to text, video, audio, data and charts). Please contact us if you have any questions. This article is for data collation, and does not constitute any investment advice for you. Investment is risky, so please make a careful decision.

Jaguar Land Rover： the global engine of China market and the peak of innovation in the field of new energy vehicles.

　　In recent years, the automobile market in China has shown a vigorous development momentum, and Jaguar Land Rover is an important driving force behind this prosperity. In Jaguar Land Rover’s global strategy, the position of China market has become increasingly prominent, which has become a key driving force for its global performance, especially in the field of new energy vehicles. This paper will discuss the rise of Jaguar Land Rover in China market and the key role this market plays in its global strategy.

　　China market has always been famous for its huge consumption potential and rapid economic growth. Jaguar Land Rover quickly seized this opportunity and made the China market a core part of its global strategy. In China market, Jaguar Land Rover has not only successfully built a strong brand image, but also made product innovation and customization in close connection with local market demand, making its products very popular in China market.

　　In particular, China has become one of the largest new energy vehicle markets in the world, and Jaguar Land Rover has made remarkable achievements in this field with its advanced electric vehicle technology. As one of the innovators in the automotive industry, Jaguar Land Rover not only has outstanding performance in traditional fuel vehicles, but also climbs the peak in the field of electric vehicles. Its series of new energy vehicles launched in the China market have attracted much attention, successfully meeting the demand of China consumers for environmentally-friendly and high-tech vehicles.

　　Jaguar Land Rover has been so successful in China market, not only because of its excellent products, but also because of its active investment in localization strategy. The establishment of a production base in China and the introduction of local teams not only improved the adaptability and localization level of Jaguar Land Rover products, but also took the lead in the market competition. At the same time, Jaguar Land Rover also actively participates in social responsibility activities, promotes sustainable development together with local partners in China, and contributes to the prosperity of China automobile market.

　　The contribution of China market is not only reflected in sales performance, but also reflected in the strategic positioning of Jaguar Land Rover’s global strategy. The strong demand in China market has become a powerful engine for Jaguar Land Rover to promote global product innovation and technological upgrading. Through in-depth understanding of the needs of consumers in China, Jaguar Land Rover not only improved the localization level of its products, but also promoted brand upgrading and innovation around the world.

　　Driven by the China market, Jaguar Land Rover also actively participates in the global new energy vehicle market competition. The successful experience of China market provides Jaguar Land Rover with the enlightenment of globalization strategy, which not only has stronger competitiveness in product innovation, but also shapes a more dynamic and innovative brand image on a global scale.

　　On the whole, China market is not only a sales market for Jaguar Land Rover, but also a key fulcrum of its global strategy. Driven by the strong market in China, Jaguar Land Rover has made remarkable achievements in the world. Through localization strategy, product innovation and active participation in social responsibility activities, Jaguar Land Rover has successfully built the China market into the pinnacle of its global strategy. In the future, with the continuous rise of China market, Jaguar Land Rover will continue to write its own brilliant chapter in the global automotive field.

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Breaking into Schumacher’s garage, Ferrari’s dream begins with F50 (Figure)

　　Backed by the Alps and facing Lake Geneva, the home of michael schumacher, the seven-time F1 world champion, is located in the Swiss mountains and green waters. Under the aerial view of the helicopter, the "ancient pagoda" of "Shumi Castle" is conspicuous, which is the "indoor climbing ground" of Schumacher’s family. In addition, people can vaguely guess that the big house is Shumi’s indoor swimming pool with Schumacher’s championship trophy hidden in that small window. But Schumacher’s favorite thing is hidden under the "Shumi Castle", which is Schumacher’s parking garage with two floors, enough to park 19 luxury cars.


　　As a former driver and current consultant of Ferrari, Schumacher always drives only cars from Ferrari and its parent company Fiat Group in public. Although there are many Mercedes-Benz and BMW with pure German descent in Schumacher’s private garage, it is a pity that "professional" Schumacher never reveals only those stories about him and Ferrari …


　　


　　


　　fiat 500


　　Dedicated to Fiat 500 for the first time.


　　Up to now, recalling the story about Fiat 500, Schumacher will smile sweetly, because it was the first time Schumacher drove a car in his life. Can you imagine such a picture? Little Schumacher sat in the driver’s seat of Fiat 500, his ass barely touched the seat, and his hands and feet just reached the steering wheel and brake pedal, so he rushed out with excitement. As a result, before driving far, the car directly hit the lamppost, and little Schumacher was almost bruised.


　　Perhaps, Schumacher’s love affair with racing car and Ferrari was doomed at that time. Up to now, the Schumacher Museum in Coppen, Germany still houses the first car of Che Wang. Of course, it was not the one that Schumacher crashed when he was a child. After Schumacher came to Ferrari, Fiat President Montezemolo specially sent a brand-new red Fiat 500 to Schumacher for collection. With round headlights and a small and lovely predecessor, Fiat 500 is like Italian chocolate, which will always be an Italian classic and hidden in the sweetest place of Schumacher’s childhood.


　　Love at first sight for "Super Bugatti"


　　Now there is no such car in Schumacher’s garage, but it must be mentioned that the Bugatti supercar is actually Schumacher’s first private car. In 1995, Schumacher was the driver of Benetton. In that summer, he took his wife Corinna to Campogalliano, a small town in Modena, Italy, to visit the factory of Bugatti, a top super-running brand. The boss of Bugatti, Romano Attioli, decided to give Schumacher the latest work EB110 SS.


　　It was a yellow EB110SS. When Schumacher took the car keys from Attioli, he was still very dissatisfied with this car. Unique design and color matching is Bugatti’s consistent style. Schumacher got the EB110SS with a blue leather seat configuration, and the center console is also uniform blue. However, Schumacher raised some questions about the design of EB110SS hollow platform, and Attioli’s answer was that it was the most fashionable at that time.


　　Car king’s affection for Bugatti didn’t change until after driving. The 3499ml V12 engine has five valves per cylinder. With the help of four superchargers, it can output the maximum power of 611 horsepower (which was quite advanced at that time), accelerate for 3.2 seconds from 0 to 60 miles (about 96.5km) and have a top speed of 350km/h. All these indicators finally make Schumacher’s face smile. Unfortunately, this Mohamme Bourkadi has only been in Schumacher’s hands for less than a year. After joining Ferrari, Schumacher quickly found a reason to ask this car out of his garage.


　　Spyder will always be like a lady


　　In October 2003, Schumacher bought a new toy in Italy-the blue Masalati Spyder. Like Enzo, before getting this new car, Schumacher gave a rigorous test to Maserati Spyder at Maranello. The car king, who has always been plain-spoken, used gorgeous words to describe this car: "This is a great sports car, with outstanding design and cutting-edge fashion. The engine provides endless power. Maserati Spyder is like a lady who can surprise you at any time …"


　　Like other cars, the biggest feature of Schumacher’s car is that it is fast enough. It takes only 5 seconds for the Spyder with 390 horsepower to accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometers per hour. In addition, the biggest feature of this car is that it has no clutch and no shift lever. When you want to hang the AUTOmatic gear, just press the "auto" button at the lower part of the center console. If you choose to change gears manually, you don’t have to leave the steering wheel, and you can shift gears with your fingers, which is very similar to Schumacher’s F1 car.


　　Luxury gift FXX has only 20 cars in the world.


　　This is a gift from Ferrari to the car king after Schumacher retired. On Ferrari Racing Day in 2006, Fiat President handed the Ferrari FXX to Schumacher in front of more than 30,000 fans.


　　Ferrari FXX was built in the factory of Maranello, the base of Ferrari racing department, on the basis of Enzo sports car. Its engine displacement has been expanded to 6,262 ml, and its maximum power and peak torque have reached an astonishing 800 HP and 690 N/m respectively, which is also a super GT sports car closest to F1 racing car so far.


　　Schumacher’s FXX is painted in all black, and the car king undoubtedly likes this car very much. During his stay in France this year, Schumacher attended a charity event. He took Zidane, a famous French football player, for a wild ride on the Magney circuit, and the car he chose was his own Ferrari FXX.


　　This Ferrari’s top sports car is limited to only about 20 cars in the world. FXX customers will join Ferrari as its test drivers and drive the car under the supervision of Ferrari experts. Ferrari regards FXX as the basic framework of the top-class models to be produced in the future, but FXX is neither a legal streetcar nor a racing car, and it will only become the car of the first customer test drivers on the track in history.


　　Ferrari’s dream begins with F50.


　　In 1996, Schumacher joined the Ferrari team. Since then, King Che’s garage has almost only added the brand of Fiat Group, and the F50 is just the beginning of Schumacher’s dream of Ferrari.


　　The 27-year-old Schumacher is sharp-edged and unruly. When he first appeared in front of the Italians in a black suit embroidered with Ferrari’s prancing logo, the German looked arrogant. Ferrari’s performance at that time was not good, and they needed a car to dispel Schumacher’s suspicious eyes. The F355 is not fashionable enough, and the 456GT is not sporty enough. In the end, Schumacher took a fancy to the fiery red F50. The F50 is an early model launched by Ferrari to celebrate its 50th anniversary. It was designed by local designer Pininfarina. It uses a 4.7-liter naturally aspirated V12 engine with a maximum power of 513 horsepower, and a 6-speed manual gearbox with a rear drive in the middle, which can achieve a performance of 3.7 seconds for 100 kilometers and a top speed of 360 kilometers per hour. The style is divided into convertible and hardtop, and Schumacher chose convertible at that time.


　　Since Schumacher joined Ferrari, almost every new Ferrari car has been "personally tested" by Schumacher before it came out. In addition to being a driver of Ferrari, Schumacher has gradually become the image ambassador of Fiat Group. At all kinds of large-scale international auto shows, Schumacher often appears next to Fiat’s brands, whether Ferrari or Maserati. Schumacher also often shoots various car advertisements for Ferrari. Of course, no matter which new car Schumacher likes, he can drive it straight home at any time.


　　ENZO belongs to Schumacher’s "Red Rabbit"


　　In 2002, Ferrari launched Enzo, a model to commemorate Ferrari founder Enzo Ferrari, and Schumacher, as the soul of Ferrari, naturally ranked among the first customers of this car. For Che Wang, ENZO is definitely a "red rabbit horse".


　　Enzo uses a 5998ml V12 engine with a maximum output of 660 horsepower. It takes only 3.6 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 60 miles. The biggest breakthrough it brings is to learn from the aerodynamic design of F1 racing cars. The body design puts functionality in the first place. Although it has been criticized in aesthetics, it is definitely the super sports car with the best performance in its generation. In order to show Enzo’s king position in civil super-running, Ferrari also put it together with F2002 for Schumacher to test drive. Of course, Schumacher came to an ideal conclusion: "Enzo’s high-speed state is very stable, and the turn is neutral and very powerful. It is the most powerful road model."


　　The fastest track, the safest road.


　　Schumacher used to be the fastest man on F1 track, but in real life, Schumacher is a good citizen who abides by traffic rules. As the image ambassador of UNESCO and the FIA’s road safety ambassador, Schumacher has always been active in promoting driving safety.


　　In 2005, the United Nations held the first "Safe Driving Week" with the theme of "Young People on the Road". As the father of two children, Schumacher looked a little uneasy after the event. "I didn’t know that every day, thousands of children around the world died in car accidents." Schumacher said, "As a father, I can understand the grief of parents when they lose their children. Just this morning, I read a news that a father took his daughter out for a walk and her daughter died in a car accident. Now I can live happily with my children-and if there were not so many car accidents, there would be more happy families in the world like me. "


　　Schumacher’s driving record never recorded speeding. The only exception was that Schumacher himself took the initiative to admit his mistake. "An interesting thing happened before the race in the United States in 2002. I drove to Indianapolis on the highway. Maybe time was a little urgent and I seemed to drive faster. Then I suddenly found a police car behind me. I think it’s too bad, because I heard that it’s hard to find an excuse to meet a traffic policeman in America. He stopped my car and said very seriously,’ Do you think you are Mansel? Even if it is, you will be fined. I said,’ OK, but I’m michael schumacher.’ "Schumacher said.


　　According to the reporter’s interview with the policeman afterwards, Schumacher actually didn’t tell the whole story because the policeman didn’t know him, and then said, "Sorry, I don’t know who Schumacher is." Schumacher’s response was even better: "Then, I don’t understand what speeding is."


　　Send children to school without driving a luxury car.


　　Schumacher will drive his youngest son Mick to see his favorite idol, Barak, and will drive a Ferrari to accompany Corinna to travel, but in daily life, Schumacher insists on driving the most humble Lancia. The reason is simple. Schumacher wants to live like an ordinary person, and he wants his children to grow up like ordinary children.


　　At home, Schumacher is a good father. He will personally take his two children to and from school, play their favorite songs on the way and even sing with them. When the whole family goes out, Schumacher is the obligatory driver: "I am a loyal and relaxed driver, and we will laugh and laugh all the way like ordinary families." On long trips, Gina and Mick are very cooperative passengers, and they usually fall asleep in a short time. " However, at Schumacher’s house, Corinna is also willing to be her husband’s driver. "I absolutely believe in her driving skills," Schumacher said.

Editor: Shuo Yang

First innovation, green future Jaguar Land Rover： the pinnacle of automotive technology, a new benchmark for luxury driving.

　　In the changing situation of the automobile industry, Jaguar Land Rover has successfully occupied a leading position in the luxury car market with its excellent first-Mover advantage. The wise decision-making of the enterprise and the continuous growth of global wholesale sales data have made it a leader in the industry, presenting a feast of automobile technology and luxury taste for global car fans.

　　Jaguar Land Rover dared to turn around in the turbulent situation and took the lead in adapting to and seizing market opportunities. Its sensitivity to market changes and decisive decision-making make enterprises stand out in the fierce competition. By actively promoting innovation and optimizing the product line, Jaguar Land Rover not only meets consumers’ high-quality demand for luxury cars, but also shows the charm of leading the trend in technology and design.

　　Jaguar Land Rover not only leads the coquettish in appearance, but also takes technological innovation as the vitality of the enterprise. Advanced intelligent driving system, efficient power system and innovative body materials make every model of Jaguar Land Rover radiate the scientific and technological light that leads the times. This technical driving force not only improves the driving experience, but also shapes Jaguar Land Rover into a leader in automotive technology.

　　The success of the enterprise is not only reflected in product innovation, but also in the continuous growth of global batch sales data. Jaguar Land Rover’s sales performance has climbed all the way, becoming a leader in the automobile market. This success is inseparable from the company’s deep insight into market demand and continuous optimization of sales strategy. Whether in Asia, Europe or North America, Jaguar Land Rover has firmly established its leading position in the field of luxury cars.

　　In the luxury car market, top product quality and service experience are the key to attract consumers. Jaguar Land Rover provides consumers with more personalized and intimate services through the customer-centered service concept. From car consultation to after-sales service, the company always puts customer satisfaction in the first place and has won the praise of the majority of car fans.

　　Jaguar Land Rover not only achieved the first-Mover advantage in the past, but also constantly challenged itself and surpassed itself in the future. Through the in-depth research and development of renewable energy and the introduction of green environmental protection concept, Jaguar Land Rover will lead the green trend of the future automobile industry. With strong technical strength and advanced design concept, the enterprise will help the sustainable development of the future automobile industry and become the leader of the global automobile industry.

　　In the changing trend of the times, Jaguar Land Rover has become a leader in the automobile industry with its first-Mover advantage and innovative attitude. Whether it is product design, technological innovation or global sales, Jaguar Land Rover has demonstrated its strong comprehensive strength. In the future, Jaguar Land Rover will continue to lead the development of the automobile industry and become the benchmark and leader of the industry.

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From ＂Border War＂ to ＂National Entertainment＂： How Rugby Became the First Sport in America

"border war"

On August 30th, 1856, a fierce battle broke out in the small town of Sabato, Kansas, USA. The warring parties were neither white men and Indians, nor Jiang Yang thieves and local people, but abolitionists from the north and militia from Missouri, a slave-holding state in the south. About 400 heavily armed Missouri militiamen attacked this small town guarded by the famous abolitionist leader John Brown. Being outnumbered, john brown and the abolitionists finally had to retreat, and Mr. Sabato was also looted. The incident became a microcosm of the Kansas Civil War.

In 1854, the US Congress passed the kansas-nebraska act, allowing Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to join the United States of America as a "free state" or a "slave state" by referendum. This is tantamount to the abolition of the Missouri compromise in fact, which intensified the contradiction between the north and the south on the issue of slavery.

After that, a large number of abolitionists from the north and southerners who advocated the maintenance of slavery flooded into Kansas, hoping to win the referendum by means of large-scale immigration in the short term. Under the tense atmosphere, a series of violent conflicts broke out between the two sides of the contradiction, which eventually led to a Kansas version of the "civil war." This mini-war, known as "bloody Kansas", is often regarded by later generations as a prelude to the American Civil War or a scaled-down version of the Civil War. In January 1861, after this bloody baptism, Kansas finally joined the Union as a free state. However, only three months later, the Civil War officially started. At the beginning of the war, out of revenge, a group of Kansas militia named Jayhawks attacked and looted several towns in Missouri. Later, a local armed force calling itself "Fighting Tigers" rose in Missouri to confront it. As a result, the two sides continued their hatred since "bloody Kansas" on the battlefield.

In May 1865, the Civil War officially ended. Nearly 30 years after the smoke of the Civil War dispersed, the blood feud between Kansas and Missouri did not dissipate, and even found a new battlefield to prolong the old hatred and renew the new hatred. On Halloween in 1891, the University of Kansas and the University of Missouri met head-on in an American Football game. Coincidentally, the names of these two college teams are "Kansas Jayhawks" and "Missouri Tigers". In this extremely fierce game, the University of Kansas won by 22-10, which seemed to swear that it was the winner of the civil war again, while the University of Missouri, which was unwilling, stubbornly continued to challenge. Therefore, the two teams agreed to have a contest every year. In the end, this football game not only became a competition between two universities, but also became an honor struggle between two states. The football match between "Jieying" and "Tiger" was even called "Border War" because of the hot and even explosive atmosphere. Since 1891, this "border war" has been fought for 120 years, and it was not until the University of Missouri announced its departure from the "Big 12 Conference" in 2011 that it called a truce. In the final year of the competition, the University of Missouri crushed the University of Kansas 24-10.Revenge for one’s ancestors. During these 120 years, this football game has become a projection of the political, military and historical disputes between the two States.

The "border war" between "Jieying" and "Tiger" lasted for 120 years.

Transformation of American football

George Carlin, a famous American comedian, once described the war metaphor of American football in a famous paragraph: "Baseball is a pastime game in the 19th century, while rugby is a tit-for-tat for industrialization in the 20th century; When you watch baseball, you will feel like going to a picnic, while when you watch football, you will want to kill your opponent at least 27 times. The goal of rugby is clear, and all actions revolve around the Quarterback, the’ battlefield general’. He has to observe the enemy lines and launch a surprise attack, find his catcher in the chaotic army and pass the ball accurately. He must lead an army into enemy territory and try his best to tear a hole in the enemy’s defense line! "

In the world of American football, especially college football, similar and tense feuds are everywhere, and even become one of the biggest selling points of the game, attracting the attention of the whole state and the whole country. For example, the football confrontation between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma is called "Red River Showdown", because in 1931, the National Guard of Texas and Oklahoma had a gun battle over the ownership of a bridge across the Red River between the two States. The feud between the University of Michigan and Ohio University can be traced back to the conflict between the two States around the border demarcation in 1835. Since 1897, the fighting between the two schools on behalf of the two States on the football field has become the most wonderful, intense and even tragic rivalry in the history of North American sports. Before and after the game, Ohio will hold "Beat Michigan Week". On the day before the 2006 World War II, Bo Schembechler, the meritorious coach of the University of Michigan, died of a heart attack. After that, every year before the Ohio University, the University of Michigan will play Bo Schembechler’s cry "Team!" before his death. Team! Team! " （The Team！ The Team！ The Team！ ) to boost morale.

The reason why American college football has become the carrier of American social tradition and even national hatred is closely related to its development and evolution to some extent. In the eyes of many foreigners, American football players seem to be all rough and tough men with big arms and round waist, developed limbs and mostly simple minds. However, American football was originally popular in college campuses all over the United States as elite and intellectual sports. In fact, even today, all professional players who participate in the National Football League need to take an IQ test before they can qualify. At the beginning of American football’s popularity in universities in the 19th century, it happened that the movement of "Physical Christianity" was in the ascendant. This Christian faction, which originated in England, advocates that sports can not only exercise the physique, but also improve the spiritual character of Christians. And a strong Christian is a symbol of God’s glory. Influenced by it, a very important task of YMCA is to advocate young people to actively participate in sports. The rapid popularity of American football in American universities also relies on the east wind of "strong Christianity" and "YMCA", and also provides religious legitimacy for hot-blooded college students to participate in such intense and even violent sports. As a social elite, college students have naturally become spokesmen and defenders of historical traditions in various States and regions.

In 1869, Princeton University and Rutgers College played the first American football game in history. As a sport born out of rugby, American football is even more intense, and college students are injured and even killed because of the game. In 1905, as many as 18 famous college students were injured and died in the competition, which became a major news in the United States at that time and alarmed then President theodore roosevelt. As a "progressive", Roosevelt Sr. issued a statement demanding that the rules of American football must be revised to ensure the safety of players, and young people who should be the pillars of the country should not be allowed to die in vain on the court. In the end, the rules of American football changed decisively-players were allowed to pass the ball forward instead of passing it back or flat like rugby, which gradually transformed the sport into what it is today.

Athletes singing hymns, taken in the gymnasium of YMCA Training School in Massachusetts, USA in 1909.

"national entertainment"

Although as early as the 1920s, professional football games, represented by the National Football League (NFL), appeared, but their commercialization was not high. In contrast, baseball, which has been professional and commercialized as early as the 19th century, is the "first sport" for citizens and workers. At that time, many professional football teams were "attached" to professional baseball clubs. Until today, people familiar with American sports can easily find many football teams and baseball teams with the same names, such as Giants, Cardinals, Redskins, Pirates and so on. In addition, quite a few early professional American football teams were actually in a "semi-professional" state, and players had other businesses besides playing. For example, the old team with a long history-"Green Bay Packer" is a team composed of local paper packers, which started with a sponsorship fee of $500 from the boss. Later, in order to ensure the normal operation of the team, the packers turned to issue the team’s shares to local residents, and finally let the team continue to this day in the form of "crowdfunding", even in the league.

In fact, until the eve of World War II, the campus elite label of American football remained unchanged, and most professional players were also graduates from universities, including many famous schools such as Ivy League. Many of the stars of universities or professional teams in those days later became world-famous politicians and social elites, and even entered the White House. Former US President Ford was once the star center of the University of Michigan. During the two years from 1932 to 1933, he not only helped the school achieve unbeaten results in the season, but also witnessed the epic battle between his alma mater and Ohio University. After graduating from college, Ford was recruited by professional scouts. After rejecting the invitation of Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions, he went to law school to continue his studies and enter politics.

Byron White, one of the most important justices in the history of the United States Supreme Court in the 20th century, was the absolute main force and the star of the football team of his alma mater, Colorado State University. In 1937, he was even selected as the best team of college football in the United States, leaving more than ten competitive records on the field during his school days. In the second year after graduation, White went to the Pittsburgh Pirates (later the famous Pittsburgh Steelers) to play a professional game for one year. After winning the Best Newcomer Award with the highest rookie salary, White "hung up his boots" and went to Oxford University to study law. However, due to the outbreak of the European War, he had to return to China and transfer to Yale Law School. While studying at Yale, White also took time off to participate in professional competitions, played for Detroit Lions in 1940 and 1941, and finally became the record holder of "the longest charge". In 1942, White was drafted into the U.S. Navy and ended his football career. In 1962, the former football star became a Supreme Court Justice at the age of 44.

Byron White

After the end of World War II, especially after the popularization of television, rugby finally ushered in its own commercialization opportunity. Because the NFL was still an emerging professional sports league at that time, it was more willing to embrace such an emerging product as TV broadcasting. As early as 1848, the normalized broadcast of football matches began to appear on TV. Throughout the 1950s, ABC, NBC and CBS began to broadcast important NFL games one after another, and the broadcasting fee for championship games has reached a million dollars. The NFL, which has tasted the sweetness, is even willing to modify the schedule and rules for TV broadcast to enhance the viewing as much as possible and attract more viewers.

First of all, in order to ensure the visibility of the game and avoid the disparity between teams, the TV broadcasting rights of NFL are negotiated by the league as a whole with major TV networks, and the broadcasting fees obtained are shared equally by all teams, thus ensuring the relative balance of financial resources of each team. Therefore, many Americans jokingly call the NFL a "communist" professional sports league. Secondly, in order to cooperate with the prime time of TV viewing at night, NFL became the first professional sports league to change the important game from afternoon to evening for the first time, and created the tradition of professional sports night games.

Prior to this, Major League Baseball’s important games were usually held on weekend afternoons. After that, Sunday Night Football and Monday Night Football became the trump cards of ratings. In 1967, the American Football Confederation and the original National Football League merged to form a new NFL, and then a new annual championship event, Super Bowl, was established.

As a result, the "Super Bowl" quickly became the highest-rated TV program in the United States and lasted for a long time. Since 1991, the ratings of "Super Bowl" have remained above 40%, and the ratings have been stable above 45% since 2010. In 2016, the audience of the 50th Super Bowl in the United States reached 167 million, and the advertising fee per second reached an astonishing $5 million, almost 118 times that of the 1st Super Bowl in 1967. The "Super Bowl" halftime show has become the biggest stage for American performing stars to dream about. During the 50 years when the "Super Bowl" economy flourished, professional American football finally replaced professional baseball and became the most popular and commercially valuable sports game in the United States.

Similarly, in order to attract more audiences, the venue of the "Super Bowl" is not the home of the two champion teams, but the third place chosen in advance. In the view of NFL management, this arrangement is to show that the "Super Bowl" is a national holiday, not a special welfare that residents of the cities where the two teams are located can enjoy, making it a veritable "national entertainment".

(This article was published in Wenhui Scholar on February 3rd. The original title was From "Border War" to "National Entertainment": American Football Past and Present, which was reprinted by The Paper with authorization. Now the title and subtitle are drawn up by the editor. )