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The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other 11 departments deployed ＂joint action＂ to promote the integration and innovation of large, medium and small enterprises.

　　According to "Gongxin Weibo" WeChat WeChat official account news, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the People’s Bank of China, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, the General Administration of Market Supervision, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, China National Intellectual Property Administration and other eleven departments recently jointly issued the Notice on Carrying out "Joint Action" to Promote the Financing and Innovation of Large, Medium and Small Enterprises (2022-2025). It is clear that the innovation chain, industrial chain, supply chain, data chain, capital chain, service chain and talent chain of large, medium and small enterprises will be fully integrated through departmental linkage, up-and-down promotion and market drive, and efforts will be made to build an enterprise development ecology in which large, medium and small enterprises are interdependent and mutually promoted, enhance the resilience and competitiveness of the industrial chain supply chain, and enhance the modernization level of the industrial chain. It is proposed that by 2025, large enterprises will be guided to create a number of typical financing models for large, medium and small enterprises through ecological construction, base cultivation, internal incubation, empowerment and data connectivity. Stimulate the emergence of a number of specialized and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises with outstanding synergy; Through policy guidance, mechanism construction and platform building, we will promote the formation of a coordinated, efficient, integrated and smooth innovation ecology for large, medium and small enterprises, and strongly support the supply chain of the industrial chain to strengthen the chain.

　　The following is the full text of the notice:

Notice on Carrying out "Joint Action" to Promote Financing and Innovation of Large, Medium and Small Enterprises (2022-2025)

No.54 [2022] of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

　　Provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and cities specifically designated in the state plan, the competent departments of small and medium-sized enterprises of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, the development and Reform Commission, the Science and Technology Department (bureau), the Finance Department (bureau), the Human Resources and Social Security Department (bureau), the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the Market Supervision Bureau, the Intellectual Property Office and the Federation of Industry and Commerce; China People’s Bank Shanghai Headquarters, branches, business management departments, city center branches of provincial capitals, sub-provincial city center branches, and banking insurance regulatory bureaus:

　　In order to implement the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development in People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Outline of Long-term Goals in 2035 and the 14th Five-Year Plan for Promoting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, to promote the leading role of large enterprises, and to promote the integration and innovation of large, medium and small enterprises in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the industrial chain, the relevant matters concerning "joint action" to promote the integration and innovation of large, medium and small enterprises are hereby notified as follows.

　　one

　　General requirements

　　(A) the guiding ideology

　　Guided by Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, in accordance with the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, based on the new development stage, we will implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, build a new development pattern, promote the comprehensive integration of innovation chain, industrial chain, supply chain, data chain, capital chain, service chain and talent chain of large, medium and small enterprises through departmental linkage, up and down promotion and market drive, and strive to build an enterprise development ecology in which large, medium and small enterprises are interdependent and mutually promoting.

　　(2) Action objectives

　　By 2025, we will guide large enterprises to create a number of typical financing models for large, medium and small enterprises through ecological construction, base cultivation, internal incubation, empowerment and data connectivity; Stimulate the emergence of a number of specialized and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises with outstanding synergy; Through policy guidance, mechanism construction and platform building, we will promote the formation of a coordinated, efficient, integrated and smooth innovation ecology for large, medium and small enterprises, and strongly support the supply chain of the industrial chain to strengthen the chain.

　　two

　　Key tasks

　　(A) innovation as the guide, to create large, medium and small enterprises in innovation chain.

　　1. Promote collaborative innovation. Promote large enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises, joint research institutes, universities and other institutions to form a number of innovative consortia integrating large and medium-sized enterprises and Industry-University-Research, encourage undertaking major scientific and technological projects, and strengthen the research and development of common technologies. We will promote the establishment of innovative technology expert advisory committees by relying on technical experts from large enterprises, professors and scholars from universities and colleges, and carry out technical consultation and guidance for small and medium-sized enterprises. Set up a track race in the "Maker China" SME Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition, and promote the innovation cooperation of large and medium-sized enterprises through "publishing the list" by large enterprises and "exposing the list" by small and medium-sized enterprises. (The Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Finance and relevant local departments are responsible according to the division of responsibilities, and the following are required to be implemented by relevant local departments, and are no longer listed)

　　2. Promote the sharing of innovative resources. Guide large enterprises to open brands, design and research capabilities, instruments and equipment, test sites and other innovative resource elements to small and medium-sized enterprises, share production capacity resources, and strengthen support for innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. (The Development and Reform Commission, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　3. Promote the transformation of innovation achievements. Promote the free opening of all kinds of scientific and technological achievements transformation project libraries and databases to small and medium-sized enterprises, improve the two-way docking mechanism of scientific research achievements supply and demand, and promote the transfer and transformation of government-supported scientific and technological project research and development achievements to small and medium-sized enterprises. Fully listen to the opinions of small and medium-sized enterprises in the establishment of science and technology plans and support them to undertake projects. Encourage large enterprises to try and use innovative products of small and medium-sized enterprises first, and promote the demonstration and application of supporting products of small and medium-sized enterprises in the first set of major technical equipment. (The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　4. Promote the layout of standards and patents. Promote large enterprises to formulate and improve national standards and industry standards in conjunction with small and medium-sized enterprises, actively participate in international standardization activities, and cooperate with upstream and downstream enterprises in the global industrial chain to jointly establish international standards. Guide large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises to strengthen cooperation in the field of intellectual property rights and jointly improve the patent layout of the industrial chain. (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the General Administration of Market Supervision, China National Intellectual Property Administration and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　5. Promote green innovation and upgrading. Promote large enterprises to deepen the concept of low-carbon development, improve the efficiency of resource utilization and improve the overall green development level of the industrial chain by optimizing procurement standards and strengthening technical support for energy conservation and emission reduction. (The Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　(B) to enhance resilience and competitiveness as the focus, to consolidate the industrial chain of large, medium and small enterprises.

　　1. Collaborate to break through the problem of industrial chain breakpoints blocking points. Sort out the weak links in the industrial chain and the supporting needs of large enterprises, organize specialized and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out technical research and prototype research and development, and guide small and medium-sized enterprises to accurately repair the chain. Give priority to supporting large, medium and small enterprises to jointly declare key products, process "one-stop" application demonstration and other industrial base reconstruction projects. Create a better environment and support the research and development of innovative and high-tech SMEs. (The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　2. Give play to the leading role of large enterprises. Promote large enterprises to build small and micro enterprise innovation bases and high-quality modern industrial chain parks, help supporting small and medium-sized enterprises to improve their technological processes, quality management and product reliability, and drive them to deeply integrate into the industrial chain through equity investment, resource sharing and channel sharing. Encourage large enterprises to cultivate internal entrepreneurial teams and establish more small and medium-sized enterprises around the industrial chain. (The Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　3. Improve the supporting capacity of SMEs. Sort out the industrial chain map of the "little giant" enterprises that specialize in specialty and innovation, and connect with large enterprises according to the industrial chain organization to help small and medium-sized enterprises integrate into the industrial chain of large enterprises. Under the same conditions, small and medium-sized enterprises that provide core products or services to key leading enterprises in key industrial chains will be given priority as "small giant" enterprises with specialization and novelty, and support for specialized and novelty small and medium-sized enterprises will be strengthened through central and local finance. (The Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Finance are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　4. Create a regional ecology of financial development. Publish the industrial transfer guidance catalogue, build and improve the modern industrial development pattern with complementary advantages and reasonable division of labor, promote the rapid response and efficient coordination of the industrial chain supply chain, and optimize and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. Cultivate advanced manufacturing clusters and characteristic industrial clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises, and create a coordinated ecology of cross-regional integrated industrial chains around economic belts (circles) and urban agglomerations. (The Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

　　(C) market-oriented, extending the supply chain of large, medium and small enterprises

　　1. Strengthen the supply and demand docking of the supply chain. We will carry out docking activities between large enterprises and specialized small and medium-sized enterprises, promote the holding of "100-game Fair for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" in various places, promote industrial e-commerce to jointly hold online trading activities for industrial products, guide large enterprises to release procurement requirements for small and medium-sized enterprises, and promote the deepening and expansion of supply chain cooperation between small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises. Give full play to the role of industry associations, chambers of commerce, platform enterprises and enterprise information inquiry institutions, promote large, medium and small enterprises to strengthen the supply and demand docking of products and technologies through market-oriented mechanisms, and gradually establish cross-industry and cross-industry supply and demand docking mechanisms and cooperation platforms. (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

　　2. Improve the supply chain cooperation mechanism. Guide platform enterprises to improve the benefit sharing mechanism of upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain, and create a vivid development situation of "big rivers are full of water and small rivers are full of water". Guide social service agencies such as credit reporting agencies to explore the provision of SME credit evaluation and risk management services for large enterprises, and stimulate the enthusiasm of large enterprises for cooperation. Guide large enterprises to establish and improve the early warning mechanism of supply chain in conjunction with small and medium-sized enterprises to jointly improve the stability and competitiveness of supply chain. (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the People’s Bank of China, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　(D) Digital-driven, open up the data link of large, medium and small enterprises.

　　1. Give play to the digital traction function of large enterprises. Encourage large enterprises to build a digital service platform that conforms to the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises, promote the development of a number of small, fast, lightweight and accurate low-cost industrial chain supply chain collaborative solutions and scenarios, and promote a number of high-quality industrial apps suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises. Carry out pilot demonstration actions of intelligent manufacturing, select a number of intelligent manufacturing demonstration factories and typical scenarios, and promote the overall intelligent level of the industrial chain. Encourage large enterprises to drive small and medium-sized enterprises to cooperate in technological transformation and upgrading, and enhance the technological transformation ability of small and medium-sized enterprises. (The Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　2. Improve the digital level of SMEs. In-depth implementation of small and medium-sized enterprises digital empowerment special action, carry out intelligent manufacturing activities into the park, release the evaluation standards and evaluation models of small and medium-sized enterprises digital transformation level, and guide small and medium-sized enterprises digital transformation, guide small and medium-sized enterprises to deepen the transformation concept, clarify the transformation path, enhance the transformation ability, and accelerate the process of digital network intelligent transformation. (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and Ministry of Finance are responsible)

　　3. Enhance the supporting role of industrial Internet. In-depth implementation of the industrial internet innovation and development action plan, cultivate a number of dual-span industrial internet platforms, promote the expansion of vertical industrial internet platforms and deepen the functional role of serving large, medium and small enterprises, promote the ubiquitous connection, flexible supply and optimal allocation of various production factors, strengthen the digital analysis and intelligent monitoring of large, medium and small enterprises in the industrial chain, and promote the integration and online sharing of manufacturing capabilities in the industrial chain. (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

　　(E) Take finance as a link to optimize the capital chain of large, medium and small enterprises.

　　1. Innovative industrial chain supply chain financial services. Improve the financial service mechanism of industrial chain supply chain, encourage financial institutions to develop financial products such as credit and insurance according to the characteristics of key industrial chain supply chain, and strengthen the financing services of supply chain accounts receivable, orders, warehouse receipts and inventory. (The People’s Bank of China and China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　2. Promote full chain support for direct financing. Guide all kinds of industrial investment funds to increase combined linkage investment in upstream and downstream enterprises of the industrial chain supply chain, strengthen financing support for the whole industrial chain, and give full play to the advantages of resource agglomeration to provide various value-added services for small and medium-sized enterprises. (The Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

　　3. Guide large enterprises to strengthen supply chain financial support. Promote large enterprises to support and cooperate with upstream and downstream small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out supply chain financing, and help alleviate the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. Guide large enterprises to strengthen compliance management, and shall not abuse their dominant position in the market to set unreasonable payment conditions and time limits, and standardize the payment of accounts for small and medium-sized enterprises. (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the People’s Bank of China, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　(six) supported by the platform carrier, expand the service chain of large, medium and small enterprises.

　　1. Build a professional innovation platform. Encourage all localities to cultivate innovative platforms and bases for large, medium and small enterprises, and promote cooperation and docking between upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain. Guide large, medium and small enterprises to further enhance the service ability of financing development and provide strong support for financing innovation. Strengthen the construction of university science parks and all kinds of creative spaces, and promote the efficient allocation and effective integration of all kinds of innovative elements. (The Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　2. Promote various platforms to strengthen innovative services. Guide the national manufacturing innovation center, industrial innovation center and technological innovation center to incorporate the promotion of financial innovation into their work objectives, guide the public service demonstration platform for small and medium-sized enterprises and the manufacturing dual-innovation platform to set up service products or projects to promote financial development, and strengthen service support for financial innovation. (The Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　3. Cultivate an international cooperation service platform. Build a cross-border matching platform for SMEs, build an overseas service system for SMEs based on large enterprises, drive SMEs to go to sea together, improve their transnational operation ability and level, and integrate into the global industrial chain supply chain. (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

　　(seven) to improve the talent chain of large, medium and small enterprises with team building as the starting point.

　　1. Strengthen talent training and introduction. Implement the special talent plan and select a group of innovative entrepreneurs, advanced manufacturing technology talents and advanced basic technology talents. Increase the introduction of overseas high-level talents and support the upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain to cultivate, attract and retain key talents. Organize and implement the project of strengthening manufacturing skills, improve the training, evaluation, use and incentive system of manufacturing skilled personnel, and build a team of manufacturing skilled personnel with sufficient quantity, reasonable structure and exquisite skills. (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission are responsible)

　　2. Promote talent sharing. Promote large enterprises to build their own schools or join forces with social forces to establish talent colleges, online learning platforms, public training bases, etc., create a professional, open and shared training platform, and strengthen the training of talents for small and medium-sized enterprises in the industrial chain. Encourage large enterprises to set up high-skilled personnel training bases and skill master studios, cultivate high-skilled leading talents, and lead the construction and development of high-skilled personnel teams. Explore the establishment of a mechanism for part-time guidance and regular stationing of technical experts from large enterprises and research institutes to small and medium-sized enterprises (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

　　3. Improve the talent team’s innovative ability. Guide large enterprises to carry out talent exchange and training activities, and strengthen the exchange of talent ideas, technology and management in large, medium and small enterprises. We will set up training courses for leading talents of small and medium-sized enterprises to promote the integration and innovation of large and medium-sized enterprises, and help management personnel to broaden their vision of integration and development, deepen their thinking of integration and development, and enhance their ability of integration and docking. Implement the training project of digital technology engineers, accelerate the training of talents in the field of digital technology, and promote the integration and development of digital economy and real economy. Plan to build a number of practice bases for training outstanding engineers, and create a training model for outstanding engineers to meet the needs of innovation. (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and National Federation of Industry and Commerce are responsible)

　　three

　　job requirement

　　(1) Strengthen organizational leadership. Relevant departments in all regions should improve the innovative working mechanism of large, medium and small enterprises, formulate and improve the work plan for implementation in this region, draw the industrial chain map, establish the key enterprise library, the project library for chain-mending and chain-strengthening and the demand list, improve the expert consultation mechanism, strengthen the linkage among ministries, provinces, cities and counties, refine and decompose work tasks, and strengthen coordination and scheduling to ensure the implementation of all work. (Responsible for all relevant departments)

　　(2) Strengthen policy support. Finance at all levels can actively support the financing and innovation of large, medium and small enterprises through existing channels according to the development needs. Promote state-owned enterprises to formulate incentive measures to open up innovative resources to small and medium-sized enterprises, give total wages support to relevant teams that have achieved remarkable results in promoting the integration and innovation of large, medium and small enterprises, give extra points to state-owned enterprises that have made great achievements in the annual assessment, and give incentives in the term assessment. Encourage local governments to explore and implement innovative financing projects for large, medium and small enterprises. (Responsible for all relevant departments)

　　(3) Strengthen publicity and guidance. Summarize the experience and practice of promoting the innovation of large, medium and small enterprises, publicize and promote the typical experience model, and improve the level of promoting the innovation of financing. Innovate propaganda methods, further promote the deepening of innovative ideas, unite social consensus, and create a good atmosphere to jointly promote the integration and innovation of large, medium and small enterprises, and strengthen the chain of industrial chain and supply chain. (Responsible for all relevant departments)

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

Ministry of Science and Technology

the Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security

People’s Bank of China

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC)

State Administration for Market Regulation

China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission

China National Intellectual Property Administration

the all chinafederation of industry and commerce

May 12, 2022

Is the blind road of Xujing East Station of Shanghai Metro Line 2 replaced with smooth tiles？ Official response

abstract:

[The blind road of Xujing East Station of Shanghai Metro Line 2 was replaced by smooth tiles? Official response] Recently, Xujing East Station of Shanghai Metro Line 2 was exposed that the blind road was replaced with smooth tiles. According to the subway, the station has a standard, complete and continuous blind road, and passengers have misunderstood the wrong path. The subway side thanked the enthusiastic passengers for guiding the way and promised to continue to pay attention to barrier-free environment construction.

Do you know whether the pinyin ＂O＂ is pronounced ＂O＂ or ＂Wo＂？ The expert replied.

　　On July 6, 2021, in Mingzhu Community, Minzhu Town, Langao County, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, the staff of "4: 30 Class" were teaching children to read pinyin. Xinhua news agency

　　Xin Yuan/Cartography

　　figure 1

　　 　Recently, the pronunciation of the pinyin letter "O" has aroused widespread concern and discussion, and the reading volume of related topics is nearly 100 million. One of them is entitled "Do you know? Is the pinyin "O" pronounced "Ou" or "Wo"? Weibo believes that "many people will ‘ o’ Read as ‘ Wo ’ . The staff of the Ministry of Education said that according to the current teaching standards, the pronunciation of # Pinyin O should be pronounced in Europe #. "

　　 　According to the author’s search, the content comes from a tweet "Pinyin" O pronounced "Europe" or "Wo" published by WeChat official account Capital Education, the official WeChat of Beijing Municipal Education Commission. 》。 The article holds that: "At present, academic circles are concerned about ‘ o’ The pronunciation of ""has always been controversial, and there is no special unified consensus. At present, the pronunciation of teachers in teaching is set according to the teaching standards issued by the education authorities every year, and the current standard is to identify ‘ o’ It is a single vowel, pronounced ‘ Europe ’ 。”

　　 　From this point of view, it seems that reading the vowel "o" as "ou" is the official opinion. However, the paper does not point out the source of the document "Teaching Standards issued by the education authorities every year", and the author has no way to verify it.

　　 　As a member of the research group entrusted by the Ministry of Education, I was very concerned about this topic. Here, I want to talk about how to pronounce the vowel "o" from three aspects: the source of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme (hereinafter referred to as the Scheme), the original intention of the developer and the actual pronunciation of Beijing pronunciation.

　　 　First of all, we should make it clear that the pronunciation of Chinese phonetic letters in the Alphabet (called the "names" of letters in the Scheme) is not the same as the pronunciation of initials and finals in the Initial List and the Final List. When people ask how to pronounce the "O" in "ι, O, E", they refer to the pronunciation of the vowel "O", not the pronunciation (name) of the letter "O" in the Alphabet "N, O, P". Therefore, what we are discussing here is the pronunciation of the vowel "o", not the pronunciation of the letter "o", although the pronunciation of the two is the same in the Scheme.

　　 　The author thinks that the vowel "o" in the vowel table should be pronounced "wo" instead of "ou".

　　 　Historically, the Scheme comes from the phonetic alphabet developed by the Pronunciation Unification Association before liberation (agreed in 1913, published in 1918, revised in 1920, and renamed as "phonetic symbol" in 1930) and the "French phonetic alphabet of Mandarin Roman characters" developed by the Mandarin research society "Several People Association" (agreed in 1926 and published in 1928).

　　 　Li jinxi, a famous linguist, used to be a member of the Research Committee of Mandarin Romance Pinyin, and also a member of the Association of Several People. In his book The Basic Tool of Chinese Standardization — — From phonetic alphabet to phonetic alphabet, it is clearly pointed out that the phonetic alphabet "ㄛ" is "‘ Wo ’ It explains that Beijing has always pronounced the vowel "ㄛㄛ" as "ㄨㄛ" because it can only spell "ㄨㄛ".

　　 　Qian Xuantong, a famous linguist, is one of the members of the "Association of Numbers". He interprets the pronunciation of "O" in the Roman characters (Latin letters) in Mandarin as follows: In fact, there is no such vowel in Mandarin, "Wo, Guo, Kuan, Fire, Wave, Slope, mo, Buddha, Duo, Camel, Nuo, Luo, Zuo, Wrong, Suo. As for other sounds, they must be spelled with uo. (quoted from Wang Li’s Chinese Phonology)

　　 　Zhou Zumo, a famous linguist and professor of Peking University, once served as a member of the "Audition Committee" after liberation. He pointed out in the "Chinese Pinyin Letter Learning Method (Revised Edition)" that "O" is a post vowel. The tongue position is lower than u, and later. The back of the tongue surface bulges to the soft palate, the tip of the tongue hangs under the lower teeth, the lips are slightly round, but not prominent, and the muscles are not tense. This is the vowel sound in the words "dial" (bō), "slope" (pō) and "touch" (mō).

　　 　Mr. Zhou Youguang, a famous linguist who participated in the development of the Plan, once said when recalling the formulation process of the Plan: "bo" is written in Beila (referring to "the new Latin script of northern dialect") and "do" is written in Duomo. Pinyin (referring to "Scheme") means "bo" for "Bo" and "duo" for "Duo". It is suggested that all the letters can be saved by writing in Beila. It is also suggested that the word "wave" should be written as "buo", which is unified in specifications and conforms to the principle. After studying, the Program Committee decided to adopt the traditional writing method of phonetic alphabet. ("Recalling the Formulation Process of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme")

　　 　Mr. Xu Shirong participated in the development of the Program, and served as a member of the Audition Committee for two times. When explaining the pronunciation of the vowel "o", he said: [see Figure 1]=o, and the vowel with a round lip in the second half [see Figure 1] is a slightly opened symbol under [o]. Appears after "lip sounds" B, P, M, F and round-lipped vowel u([u] or [w]). A Brief Introduction to Phoneme in Beijing.

　　 　Since the vowel "O" in the Scheme is used to mark the vowels of the words "Bo" (bō), "Po" (pō), "Mo" (mō) and "Buddha" (fó) according to the original intention of the developer, the correct pronunciation of "O" should take the vowels of these words, that is, these syllables. The author is not from Beijing, but has lived in Beijing for more than 20 years. The author tried to ask several Beijing-born teachers and friends, and they would naturally pronounce uo.

　　 　The vowel "O" after the initial of lip sound in Beijing pronunciation is a variant of the same vowel as "uo" after other vowels, which can not only be verified by Beijing people’s sense of language, but also be supported by experimental phonetics.

　　 　When describing the phonetic value of the vowel "o" in Putonghua, famous experimental phoneticians, Professor Lin Tao from Peking University and Professor Wang Lijia pointed out that the tongue position of o[o] is slightly lower than that of the positioning vowel [o] in the international phonetic alphabet, and it is a post vowel between half-high and half-low, and the strict phonetic notation should be [oт]. Because the tongue position of [o] is obviously lower than that of [u], the degree of round lips is also worse than that of [u]. In Mandarin, [oт] only appears after the lip consonant alone, and there is often a very short [u] in front of it, so the strict phonetic notation of [o] should be [uoт], but this [u] is actually only a transitional sound between the lip consonant and [o], and the degree of round lips is poor, which is also the inevitable result of the low tongue position. (Phonetics Course)

　　 　Mr. Shi Feng, a well-known experimental phonetician and a member of the research group "Formulation of Pronunciation Criterion of Putonghua and Revision of Pronunciation Table of Different Pronunciation Words in Putonghua", pointed out when describing the phonetic value of the vowel "o" in Putonghua: the actual pronunciation of the vowel o[o] after the lip consonant is lipped [u] and has a vowel u, which should be a second-order vowel like the uo after other initials. ("Reanalysis of Putonghua Vowels")

　　 　The Chinese character marked with the vowel "O" in the Scheme is "Oh". The word "oh" has two pronunciations, one is an exclamation (also written as "oh") and the other is a cock’s cry (w), so we are not sure how to pronounce the vowel. However, according to the descriptions of several scholars who participated in the development of Mandarin Roman characters and the Plan, we know that this vowel refers to the vowel in the syllables represented by the Chinese characters "Bo, Po, Mo and Buddha", not to the vowel of the exclamation.

　　 　Of course, we can’t completely rule out the speculator’s intention to use the exclamation "oh" to express the vowel of a single vowel (going back to Qian Xuantong’s Notes on the Changes of Phonetic Symbols in the Past Eighteen Years, we can see that the Chinese characters he noted on the vowel "o" are really "oh", which is contradictory to his own statement about the vowel "o" quoted in the previous article). However, the reading method of interjections changes greatly in people’s oral actual sound value, or has great vagrancy and uncertainty. The reason why "oh not" is written as "oh" and "yo y not" is written as "yo" shows that the vowel "o" in exclamatory words is closer to the [] in the international phonetic alphabet (see Wu Shuyan’s Pronunciation of the vowel o in Chinese Pinyin Scheme), so the exclamations "oh (oh)" yo (yo).

　　 　To sum up, the vowel "O" in "Scheme" is used to mark the vowel symbols of "Bo" (bō), "Po" (pō), "Mo" (mō) and "Buddha" (fó) according to the original intention of the developer. "O" is only spelled with the initial consonant of lip sound, while "uo" is only spelled with other initial consonants other than the initial consonant of lip sound, and their positions are complementary, so we can think that "O" and "uo" are different variants of the same vowel. Reading "O" as "Wo" is not only in line with the original intention of the developers of the Scheme and the actual pronunciation of Beijing dialect, but also in line with the principles of general phonetics, and can be verified by experimental phonetics, which is a correct pronunciation, rather than a "misunderstanding" as mentioned in the above-mentioned tweets and posts.

　　 　Now some people pronounce the vowel "o" as "ou", which may be influenced by the pronunciation of the English letter "o", and it may also be related to the fact that these people don’t know that the pronunciation of letters in the Alphabet and the pronunciation of vowels in the vowel table are two different things. Reading the vowel "o" as "ou" not only does not conform to the original intention of the developers of the Scheme, but also causes the vowel to be mixed with another vowel "ou ou" that has no historical origin and complementary distribution, which is an undesirable mispronunciation. If the vowel "o" is read as "ou", then "bo", "po", "touch" and "Buddha" should be read as bōu, pōu, mōu and Fó u. Isn’t that ridiculous?

　　 　Article 18 of Chapter 1 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language stipulates: "The national common language uses the Chinese Pinyin Scheme as a tool for spelling and phonetic notation. The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is a unified standard for the spelling of Roman letters in Chinese’s names, place names and Chinese documents, and is used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable. Primary education should be taught in Chinese Pinyin. " The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is the national standard of Chinese Pinyin and has the binding effect of laws and regulations. Reading the vowel "o" as "ou" is a wrong pronunciation and should be corrected. The author appeals that the media should be cautious when releasing information related to language standards or regulations, so as to avoid the negative impact on the teaching of Chinese Pinyin and the promotion of Putonghua in primary education and teaching Chinese as a foreign language.

　　 　(Author: Meng Pengsheng, a researcher at the Institute of Chinese Language and Literature, Southwest University)

After ＂connecting＂ with Putin, whose fate has changed？

　　[Global Times correspondent in Russia Wu Yan, Qu Song, Qu Pei] The Russian President’s "live broadcast of Putin" was held in the Moscow TV studio at noon on the 7 th Moscow time.

　　This activity has been held for 16 times since 2001. Before the live broadcast, the President’s Information Center collected Russian people’s problems through email, website, TV and application software. The president responded to some of these questions on the spot and accepted the on-site connection.

　　In the past few years, in the "connection" activities, the president has received various questions. After connecting with the president, whose fate has changed? What things have changed? Based on the reports of Russian media such as Tass, we might as well take a look.

　　2001: Complaints from fifth-grade students made the mayor "dismissed"

　　On December 24th, 2001, Pavel Cvetkov, a fifth-grade student from No.4 School in Ustikut, Irkutsk, made a phone call to the President. He told the president that he had not attended classes for three weeks because his school couldn’t provide warmth.

　　Putin immediately ordered the governor of Irkutsk to "try his best to resume the activities of educational institutions in the shortest time." Three days later, the mayor of Ustikut, Yevgeny Korneko, resigned. The maintenance of the school was completed in January 2002.

　　2002: Russian heroes finally get citizenship.

　　On December 19th, 2002, Vladimir Putin received a request from Warrant Officer Oleg kozlov of the 201st Division of Tajikistan. According to the soldier, in 1994, he was awarded the title of "Hero of the Russian Federation" for participating in the Tajik-Afghan border battle. Despite this, he and his family have not yet obtained Russian citizenship.

　　Putin immediately promised that he would use his "special power" to solve his problem within a week. On December 25th of the same year, Putin signed a decree granting citizenship to Oleg kozlov, his wife and children.

　　2003-2005: Solving the problem of water supply in small villages with twists and turns.

　　On December 18th, 2003, Karachintseva, a resident of Djegoja levski Village in Kochubeyevsky District of Stavropol Krai, complained to Putin about the lack of water pipes in the village. Putin promised to learn more and help if it is true. But since then, this problem has not been completely solved soon.

　　In the live broadcast on September 27, 2005, Putin took the initiative to mention this topic. He quoted the Communist Youth League Pravda as saying that the problem of tap water in the village has not been solved so far. Putin said at the scene that if the water supply problem is not solved, he will never approve stavropol Governor Alexander Chernogorov to enter the Legislative Assembly. The next day, the village of levski in Jiegejia had special equipment, and the water supply problem was quickly solved.

　　2010: Dr. Khrenov and "Total Fraud"

　　For a long time, Ivanovo cardiologist Ivan Khrenov became a hero in media reports. He told Putin in the video connection that in order to welcome the president’s inspection, the local organization organized a "comprehensive fraud."

　　Putin, then prime minister, visited a local hospital. Dr. Khrenov said that in order to meet the inspection, a lot of equipment was transported from other medical institutions and put in this hospital. Moreover, the patient is not lying in the ward, but a doctor who has changed his clothes. Nurses have to report figures that are twice as high as the real salary.

　　The Committee of the Ministry of Health and Social Development checked this information on behalf of Putin. The information provided by Ivan Khrenov was not confirmed, but the local government found various irregularities in the health care system. A year later, the leaders of the state hospital and cancer center accused Ivan Helenov of libel, but Governor Mikhail Meni persuaded them to withdraw the lawsuit. Leonid Rochard, a famous pediatrician, helped Dr. Khrenov to study in Moscow. Then, Khrenov returned to Ivanovo to continue his work.

　　2015: Help girls get trainers.

　　On April 16th, 2015, Sofia babic, a 15-year-old girl from togliatti, played a short video for the President. The girl with cerebral palsy hopes to buy training equipment. "Please help me, I want to walk!" Sophia said. Putin replied: "This is not a difficult problem, and we will definitely solve it."

　　Putin wishes the girl a healthy recovery. "You are the kind of person who will fight for yourself and succeed."

　　Within one week after the live broadcast, the Samara regional government purchased and installed a multifunctional trainer for girls, and the local Ahmat Haji Kadlof Foundation also gave Sophia one. Now the girl has lived in a very positive way: she held a concert and participated in a beauty contest.

　　2016: The land was finally registered.

　　In the "live broadcast" on April 14th, 2016, Marina Soloma, a resident of Stavropol Krai in the Far East, told the President that she had lost her land registration right because of the new regional bill. On the second day of the "complaint", the mother of several children received a piece of land to build a house.

　　Putin promised to discuss and solve the problem with Governor Vladimir. The governor then said that the regional government would simplify the registration procedures for families with many children. Marina Soloma said: "The government has allocated land to it and even paid for land survey and registration."

　　2016: A child prodigy’s wish has come true.

　　Eight-year-old Ilya Layevski is a fifth-grade student in yaroslavl, Yaroslavl, and will graduate from primary school in one year. The boy complained to Putin that he wanted to study science at the Sirius Education Center or the Altec School, but he was too young to be accepted.

　　Putin said after listening: This is an obvious defect, and jokingly said, "The person in charge of this work is obviously not a child prodigy." After connecting with the President, both schools, Sirius and Alkek, opened their doors to Ilya. According to Ilya’s mother, there, every month Ilya has the opportunity to participate in some meetings, seminars, competitions and science summer camps, and the children’s lives have changed a lot. In the Sirius Education Center, he participated in the development of affordable cars in the Emergency Department. Vladimir Putin personally attended the last achievement exhibition of the project.

　　After that, the boy went to the Albuquerque School and became the monitor of the class. And twice attended the meeting of Skolkovo, Startup Village. Participated in the creation of a sensor key chain, which can be used to predict environmental hazards. Some parts of this key chain were independently completed by Ilya through a 3D printer.

　　2017: Dalia’s life is extended by one year.

　　On June 15th, 2017, one of the most striking requirements in the "live online broadcast" was put forward by Dalia Starikov from Apatit in Murmansk region.

　　She was diagnosed as "the fourth stage of cancer". Previously, she had been treated for rickets and used drugs prohibited by oncology. Her family complained that Apatit’s medical conditions were inconvenient, Apatit didn’t have some experts in different fields, and the hospital was closed, so patients had to be transferred to another city for treatment.

　　Putin promised to investigate Apatit Hospital and told the girl’s father that this phenomenon is also a "disease" and needs timely treatment.

　　After the "connection", Dalia was sent to neighboring Kirovsk for treatment, then transferred to Murmansk, and then transferred to Moscow for treatment by the plane of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. And Apatit — Yuri Shiryayev, the chief doctor of Kirov Hospital, wrote a letter of resignation.

　　Health Minister Veronica SkVolcova reported to Putin on Dalia’s treatment process. Doctors have adopted a new treatment method for targeted treatment of tumors. Because the girl’s weight is very low, the treatment process is difficult.

　　Dalia and her family celebrated the 2018 New Year. On the evening of May 22nd, she died in the Capital Hospital. During this period, famous medical experts from Germany, Israel, Austria and other countries consulted her. The Minister of Health said that although some experts thought that her life was only about three months, Dalia lived nearly a year longer.

　　The Murmansk regional government is also actively helping Dalia’s daughter, who will enter the first grade in autumn.

　　2017: The toxic garbage dump will finally be closed.

　　Residents of Barashha, a suburb of Moscow, complained to the President during the "connection" that houses, kindergartens and general hospitals were all built only 200 meters away from the "Guchino" landfill. In the landfill, the phenomenon of burning garbage and emitting gas continues to occur. According to reports, the landfill has a history of 50 years, and houses are not allowed to be built around it according to regulations.

　　Putin immediately drew the attention of relevant departments to this fact, saying that it shocked him and promised to send the governor and the Russian government to solve this problem quickly. On the same day, Moscow Governor Andrei Vorobev rushed to the garbage dump and said that he would close it before 2021 — — Although the landfill has long been on the list for closure.

　　On June 22, when Putin met with government members, he directly asked to close the garbage dump and ordered it to be closed within one month! After June 23, the place has stopped filling new garbage, started filling the garbage dump, and plans to build a ski resort or park on the site.

Policy Questions and Answers on Government Procurement Promoting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

　　The Measures for the Administration of Government Procurement to Promote the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (Caiku [2020] No.46, hereinafter referred to as the Measures) has been implemented since January 1, 2021. The answers to questions of general concern to all parties are as follows:

　　First, on the scope of policy support

　　1. For the goods procurement projects with unreserved shares specially for small and medium-sized enterprises, and the goods procurement packages with unreserved shares in the projects, all the goods provided by large and medium-sized enterprises are made by small and micro enterprises, can you enjoy 6%-10% quotation deduction? Is there still a requirement of "double small" (that is, the enterprises directly involved in procurement activities are small and medium-sized enterprises, and the goods are made by small and medium-sized enterprises)?

　　A:According to the "Measures", in the goods procurement project, if the goods are manufactured by small and medium-sized enterprises (the goods are produced by small and medium-sized enterprises and use the trade name or registered trademark of the small and medium-sized enterprises), they can enjoy the SME support policy. If a procurement project or procurement contains multiple procurement targets, each procurement target should be manufactured by small and medium-sized enterprises. In the procurement items or packages mentioned in the question, all the procurement targets provided by large enterprises are made by small and micro enterprises, and they can enjoy preferential policies for price evaluation.

　　2. In the goods procurement project, if the goods provided by suppliers are made by both small and micro enterprises and medium-sized enterprises, do they enjoy the support policies for small and micro enterprises stipulated in the Measures?

　　A:In goods procurement projects, the goods provided by suppliers are made by both medium-sized enterprises and small and micro enterprises, and they do not enjoy the support policies for small and micro enterprises stipulated in the Measures.

　　3. Some goods procurement projects involve a variety of goods and multiple manufacturers. Bidders take goods from wholesalers or distributors instead of manufacturers directly, so it is difficult to know the employees, operating income, total assets and other data of all manufacturers. If the data provided by the manufacturer to the bidder is wrong or intentionally provides false data, is it considered that the bidder has made a false bid (the bidder has no subjective intention)?

　　A:The bidder shall be responsible for the authenticity of the SME Statement Letter issued by it. If the content of the SME Statement Letter issued by the bidder is untrue, it belongs to providing false materials to win the bid. In practice, if the bidder wants to obtain the policy support stipulated in the Measures, it should obtain sufficient and accurate information from the manufacturer. If you don’t fully understand the information of the relevant manufacturers, or you can’t be sure that the relevant information is true and accurate, it is not recommended to issue a Statement Letter for SMEs.

　　4. For procurement projects with both goods and services, how should we judge whether suppliers belong to small and medium-sized enterprises?

　　A:The purchaser shall, according to the relevant provisions of government procurement and the actual situation of the procurement project, determine whether the proposed procurement project is a goods, project or service project. Suppliers who enjoy the policy of supporting small and medium-sized enterprises should meet the following conditions: in goods procurement projects, goods should be manufactured by small and medium-sized enterprises, and there is no requirement for the service providers involved; In the project procurement project, the project should be undertaken by small and medium-sized enterprises, and there is no requirement for the manufacturers of goods and the contractors of services involved; In the service procurement project, the service undertaker should be small and medium-sized enterprises, and there is no requirement for the manufacturer of the goods involved.

　　5. Does the consortium enjoy the reserved share policy for small and medium-sized enterprises for goods and services procurement projects with a price of less than 2 million yuan and engineering procurement projects with a price of less than 4 million yuan?

　　A:If the consortium participates in government procurement projects, and the goods, projects and services provided by all parties of the consortium are manufactured, contracted and undertaken by small and medium-sized enterprises, the consortium is regarded as a small and medium-sized enterprise and enjoys the reserved share policy for small and medium-sized enterprises; If all the goods, projects and services provided by the parties to the consortium are manufactured, contracted and undertaken by small and micro enterprises, the consortium shall treat them as small and micro enterprises and enjoy the reserved share policy for them.

　　6. In Article 2 of the Measures, "except that the person in charge of a large enterprise is the same person, or there is a direct holding or management relationship with a large enterprise." What does the person in charge mean? Is there a requirement for the shareholding ratio? What do you mean by managing relationships?

　　A:According to the relevant laws and regulations, the person in charge refers to the legal representative of the unit or the main person in charge who exercises functions and powers on behalf of the unit as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations. Holding means that the capital contribution accounts for more than 50% of the total capital of a limited liability company or the shares it holds account for more than 50% of the total share capital of a joint stock limited company, and although the capital contribution or the proportion of shares it holds is less than 50%, the voting rights it enjoys according to its capital contribution or the shares it holds are enough to have a significant impact on the resolutions of shareholders’ meetings. Management relationship refers to other management and managed relationships with units that do not have a shareholding relationship. Small and medium-sized enterprises with the above situation can participate in government procurement activities according to law, but they do not enjoy the government procurement support policies for small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　Two, about the situation of not specifically for small and medium-sized enterprises to purchase.

　　What does "infrastructure restriction" mean in Article 6 of the Measures?

　　A:"Infrastructure restriction" mainly refers to the restriction of infrastructure conditions such as water supply, power supply, gas supply, heating, roads and transportation facilities. The purchaser can make a judgment according to the actual situation.

　　Third, about the reserved share

　　Article 8 of the Measures stipulates: "For goods and services procurement projects with a price of more than 2 million yuan and engineering procurement projects with a price of more than 4 million yuan, more than 30% of the total budget of these procurement projects shall be reserved exclusively for small and medium-sized enterprises, and the proportion reserved for small and micro enterprises shall not be less than 60%." What does "this part" mean in the "total budget of this part of procurement projects"?

　　A:"This part" refers to the procurement items of goods and services exceeding 2 million yuan and the procurement items suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises among the engineering procurement items exceeding 4 million yuan.

　　Fourth, about the price review concessions

　　1. In the project of purchasing goods specially for small and medium-sized enterprises without reserved share, if the goods provided by small and micro suppliers are both made by medium-sized enterprises and made by small and micro enterprises, shall the price be deducted by 6%-10%? If it is deducted, is the overall quotation deducted, or is it deducted for the quotation of goods manufactured by small and micro enterprises?

　　A:According to the "Measures", if the goods procurement project mentioned in the title contains multiple procurement targets, only when each target provided by the supplier is made by small and micro enterprises can the price deduction policy of 6%-10% be enjoyed. If the goods provided by small and micro suppliers are made by both medium-sized enterprises and small and micro enterprises, they do not enjoy the relevant policy of price deduction.

　　2. Is it necessary to implement the preferential policy of price evaluation for procurement projects or procurement packages specially for small and medium-sized enterprises? If necessary, do medium-sized enterprises enjoy price deduction?

　　A:Projects or procurement packages specially designed for small and medium-sized enterprises will no longer be supported by preferential price evaluation.

　　3. Article 9 of the Measures stipulates: "If the comprehensive evaluation method is adopted but the low price priority method is not adopted to calculate the price score of the government procurement construction project to which the bidding method is applied, the price score shall be increased by 3%-5% on the basis of the original quotation." If the price of small and micro enterprises in engineering construction projects is full marks, will 3%-5% of their price marks be added as their price marks on the basis of full marks?

　　A:In government procurement projects, the price points for small and medium-sized enterprises are policy points, and even if the price points for small and micro enterprises are full marks, they should enjoy preferential policies and then be given extra points.

　　4. Article 9 of the Measures stipulates: "For procurement projects that accept large and medium-sized enterprises to form a consortium with small and micro enterprises or allow large and medium-sized enterprises to subcontract to one or more small and micro enterprises, if the contract share of small and micro enterprises accounts for more than 30% of the total contract amount as stipulated in the joint agreement or subcontracting intention agreement …" Does "small and micro enterprises" here refer to the enterprises themselves in goods procurement projects, or what type of enterprises manufacture the products they provide according to Article 4?

　　A:The "small and micro enterprises" in the provisions on consortium and subcontracting in Article 9 of the Measures shall meet the relevant provisions in Article 4 of the Measures, and the "contract share of small and micro enterprises" shall be the contract share of goods manufactured, projects undertaken and services undertaken by small and micro enterprises.

　　V. Determination of the industry to which the subject matter of procurement belongs

　　Article 12 of the Measures stipulates that the procurement documents shall specify the industries to which the classification standards for SMEs corresponding to the procurement targets belong. If a procurement project contains multiple products of different varieties, should the purchaser or procurement agency specify the industry of each product?

　　A:The purchaser and the procurement agency shall, according to the SME classification standards approved by the State Council and the specific circumstances of the procurement project, specify in the procurement documents the industries to which the SME classification standards corresponding to the procurement targets belong. If a procurement project involves multiple procurement targets, the industries to which the SME classification standards corresponding to all procurement targets belong shall be clearly defined in the procurement documents one by one. The supplier judges whether it belongs to small and medium-sized enterprises according to the classification standards corresponding to the industries specified in the procurement documents. At present, the standard industries for the classification of small and medium-sized enterprises include agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, industry, construction, wholesale, retail, transportation, warehousing, postal services, accommodation, catering, information transmission, software and information technology services, real estate development and management, property management, leasing and commercial services and other industries not listed.

　　VI. Letter of Statement for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

　　Annex 1: Statement Letter of SMEs

　　1. Annex 1 "Letter of Statement for SMEs" stipulates that newly established enterprises without previous year’s data need not fill in relevant data such as employees, operating income and total assets. Can it be understood that all newly established enterprises are classified as SMEs?

　　A:Newly established enterprises should refer to the criteria for the classification of small and medium-sized enterprises approved by the State Council, and make a true judgment according to the enterprise’s own situation. If you think that this enterprise belongs to small and medium-sized enterprises, you can issue a Statement Letter for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in accordance with the provisions of the Measures and enjoy relevant support policies.

　　2. Suppliers need to fill in the details of relevant enterprises (including SMEs in the consortium and SMEs that have signed subcontracting intention agreements) in the Statement Letter for SMEs. Do both the consortium and the subcontracting enterprise need to provide enterprise information in the form of declaration letter?

　　A:The Letter of Statement for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises is issued by suppliers who participate in government procurement activities. If you participate in government procurement activities or contract subcontracting in the form of a consortium, you need to fill in the relevant information of the SMEs in the consortium or those who signed the subcontracting intention agreement in the SME Declaration Letter.

　　3. Can suppliers enjoy the SME support policies stipulated in the Measures in government procurement activities as long as they issue the SME Declaration Letter?

　　A:Suppliers who meet the requirements stipulated in the Measures can enjoy relevant support policies in government procurement activities as long as they issue a Letter of Statement for SMEs. No unit or individual may require suppliers to provide identification documents for SMEs other than the Letter of Statement.

　　4. The Statement Letter for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises requires that "all the goods provided are made by small and medium-sized enterprises that meet the policy requirements" and "all the construction units of the project are small and medium-sized enterprises that meet the policy requirements (or: all the services are undertaken by small and medium-sized enterprises that meet the policy requirements)". Is this inconsistent with the measures such as consortium participation and subcontracting stipulated in the Measures?

　　A:For the part undertaken by small and medium-sized enterprises in the consortium, or the part subcontracted to small and medium-sized enterprises, all the parts must be manufactured, contracted or undertaken by small and medium-sized enterprises. The supplier shall indicate the specific content undertaken by the small and medium-sized enterprises in the consortium or the specific subcontracting content of the small and medium-sized enterprises in the "project name" part of the statement letter.

　　VII. Other issues

　　How can welfare units for the disabled enjoy the relevant support policies stipulated in the Measures when they participate in government procurement activities? Can social organizations such as private non-enterprises enjoy the government procurement policy to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises?

　　A:Regarding the welfare units for the disabled to enjoy the relevant measures of government procurement to support small and medium-sized enterprises, the Ministry of Finance is studying and improving the measures of convergence with the Measures. Before the relevant documents are issued, they will still be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Notice on Government Procurement Policies for Promoting the Employment of Disabled Persons (Caiku [2017] No.141).

　　On the issue of social organizations enjoying government procurement policies to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, the Ministry of Finance is working with relevant departments to study and formulate relevant regulations.

Long March 7, go!

　　Long March 7, go!


　　Produced by: Popular Science China


　　Production: Long March 9 Team Yao Zhikai


　　Producer: computer network information center


　　The Long March 7 came into being: the fuel is more environmentally friendly and the carrying capacity is stronger.


　　With the continuous development of China’s space industry, the demand for the construction of space stations and the launch of high-quality satellites began to appear, but the older generation of launch vehicles could not meet the demand. In order to carry these massive cabins and satellites, it is necessary to develop a new type of large-capacity rocket. Moreover, the older generation of Long March rockets used a lot of highly toxic hydrazine-nitrogen tetroxide fuel. From the point of view of protecting the natural environment and working environment, it is also necessary to develop a new type of environmentally friendly launch vehicle.

　　

[1] You can see the rolling red smoke of nitrogen tetroxide, which is not only highly toxic, but also a destruction of the ozone layer.

　　In order to meet the power demand of new launch vehicles, new rocket engines are essential.


　　Thus, in 2001, YF-100 liquid oxygen/kerosene engine with 120 tons thrust and YF-77 liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engine with 70 tons thrust were approved. The Long March 5, powered by these two engines, also entered the public eye in 2006.


　　Two years later, in order to meet the launch demand of small satellites, Long March 6 was also launched in 2008. Its core stage used a single YF-100 engine, and its secondary stage used a single YF-115 liquid oxygen/kerosene engine with 18 tons of thrust.

　　

[2] The Long March 6 equipped with YF-100 engine is very different from the take-off effect.

　　The largest LEO (low Earth orbit carrying capacity) of Long March 5 is 25 tons, and the smallest LEO is 10 tons, while the SSO (sun synchronous orbit carrying capacity) of Long March 6 is 0.5 tons, and LEO is about 1 ton.


　　In order to fill the gap between Long March 5 and Long March 6, and to provide vehicles for future cargo ships, Long March 7 was put forward in 2010. In fact, the Long March 7 is almost a replica of the Long March 2-the 3.35-meter diameter core stage and the 2.25-meter diameter booster stage, which inherited the configuration of the Long March 2, but at the same time combined with the new rocket engine, which is really innovative.

　　

[3] When the two rockets were launched together, the Long March 7 was obviously much thinner.

　　The first stage of Long March 7 core adopts double YF-100 liquid oxygen kerosene engine, the four booster stages adopt single YF-100 liquid oxygen kerosene engine, and the second stage adopts four YF-115 engines. The successful test launch of Long March 6 last year has already declared that these two engines are very successful products. Therefore, the successful launch of the Long March 7 can be said to be fully guaranteed.

　　

[4] In the assembly workshop of Long March 7, we can easily identify the corresponding position of each arrow.

　　What is the main purpose of the Long March 7? Transport the ship!


　　The main purpose of the Long March 7 in the future is to carry the "Tianzhou" series of cargo spacecraft and give them to the astronauts in the space station. At the same time, the successful operation of the upper stage of Expedition 1 last year, the appearance of the upper stage of Expedition 2 this year and the possible new low-temperature upper stage in the future can also give more functions to Long March 7-it will help the satellite to go into geosynchronous orbit (GTO), so that Long March 7 has enough ability to replace some existing launch vehicles.

　　

【 5.1 】 The effect diagram of "Tianzhou" cargo spacecraft and its actual cargo hold section.

　　

【 5.2 】 Actual cargo hold section of Tianzhou cargo spacecraft

　　Besides Wenchang Chicken, Wenchang also has a satellite launch center.


　　The successful launch of the Long March 7 also announced the official opening of Wenchang Satellite Launch Center.


　　Why should the new launch center be located in Wenchang? Of course, Wenchang has many advantages:


　　As we all know, the lower the latitude, the faster the linear speed of the earth’s rotation, which can make the rocket carry more loads. The latitude of Wenchang Satellite Launch Center is only 19, which is a very favorable position.

　　

[6.1] Location of Wenchang Satellite Launch Center

　　2. Because the first-class diameter of the core of Long March 5 has reached 5 meters, it means that it can’t be transported by land-because it can’t cross the tunnel; Not by air-planes can’t transport things with such a large diameter. Therefore, shipping has become the only feasible way. The rocket body made in Tianjin can easily reach Wenchang by water.

　　

[6.2] The Long March 7 packed boxes at Tianjin Port, and its destination was Wenchang.

　　3. The launching direction of rockets is basically east and south. This means that the burned remains of the booster and first-stage rockets will fall to the east and south. The east and south of Wenchang are near the sea, which means that the debris of the rocket will fall directly on the sea surface, which fundamentally avoids the risk of debris hitting people.

　　

[6.3] Wenchang Satellite Launch Center

　　Many foreign space centers also refer to these elements. The Kennedy Space Center in the United States is the Atlantic Ocean to the east, with a latitude of about 28; The Kulu Space Center of ESA is also near the sea, and its latitude is only 4, which is close to the equator. It’s really enviable …

　　

【 7.1 】 The Kennedy Space Center, located in Cape Narr, Karaoui, has the Atlantic Ocean on the right.

　　

[7.2] The Caribbean Sea is clearly visible above the Kourou Space Center of ESA.

　　When the photos of the Long March 7 joint training were released last year, many people noticed the transformation of the launcher-the huge launch tower in the past was replaced by a simple launcher. In the launch of Long March 6 last year, this technology was also adopted, and even further-transshipment was directly carried out by the launch vehicle.

　　

[8] What about the wheel of the transfer car? σ (△|||)? It turned out to be too small? (╯ ▽)?

　　In the previous launch preparation process, our rocket had to be transported vertically from the assembly center to the launch tower, with almost no support. Because the rocket is very high, its center of gravity is also very high. When the wind is too strong, the transshipment work is quite dangerous. This is also unfavorable for rocket launch preparation.

　　

[9] Such a big luck, without any assistance … Did you panic?

　　In the past, the launch tower served as a rocket assembly room, so it was made so big. However, with the increase of rocket launch frequency, the launch preparation time is gradually shortened, and vertical transshipment can meet this requirement. With the development of technology, the current launch tower has only the functions of fixing and fuel filling, which can be done very lightly, making it possible to transport the arrow with the frame, thus reducing the requirements for the environmental conditions of transshipment. Of course, because the launch tower can’t be abandoned easily, and the transfer track from the assembly plant to the launch tower is fixed, the rockets in the other three launch centers can’t enjoy this treatment.

　　

[10] Can you imagine the whole umbilical tower coming out of the assembly room?

　　Playing a rocket is also a relatively expensive thing. I’m sorry if I don’t take this opportunity to bring a little load. Last year’s launch of Changliu carried 20 satellites at once, all of which were in orbit and successfully monitored and controlled. The Long March 7 is no exception. It brought a heavyweight passenger-a small-scale model of a new manned spacecraft.

　　

[11] Do you see any difference in the design of the new manned spacecraft?

　　The Shenzhou manned spacecraft now in use in China is well known to all. It draws lessons from the structure of the orbital module, return module and propulsion module of the former Soviet Union Soyuz spacecraft, so it also designed three cabins.

　

[12] This is a brotherly spaceship.

　　The new manned spacecraft, except the orbital module, consists only of the command module and the propulsion module, which is closer to some American spacecraft.

　　

[13] The new manned spacecraft is closer to the American spacecraft, with a western flavor …

　　So why remove the orbital module?


　　From the development of spacecraft, the orbital module is a multifunctional module, which is essentially a stopgap measure without a space station. Astronauts can carry out activities in the orbital module and also carry out some experiments. Moreover, China’s Shenzhou orbital module can still operate in orbit for a period of time, providing more abundant data. In particular, on Shenzhou VII, the orbital module was also transformed into an airlock module by magic, which became a transitional module for spacecraft/space environment.


　　However, with the proposal of the space station plan and the successful operation of the "Tiangong" series of orbiters, astronauts have been able to have a more comfortable working and activity environment, and the orbital module has gradually lost its significance. When we remove the orbital module, the return module and the propulsion module can be made bigger, thus carrying more passengers and more fuel. It will lay a solid foundation for further manned space work (even manned moon landing) in the future.


　　Words written outside the article: two different sizes of propulsion modules really seem to be preparing for manned landing on the moon.


　　"Popular Science China" is a scientific authoritative brand that China Association for Science and Technology cooperates with all sectors of society to carry out scientific communication by means of information technology.

How is the quality of Euler’s good cat car？ True comments on Euler’s good cat Chongqing riders

As a cyclist, I have the following experiences and comments on the quality of Euler Good Cat’s car:

Advantages:

1. Appearance: A good cat has a really good appearance and is often watched.

2. Power: The acceleration performance of electric vehicles is very strong, and the acceleration performance of good cats below 90 km/h is excellent.

3. Interior: The color and soft package of the interior are very comfortable in vision and touch.

4. Internal configuration: the reaction speed of the car is good, and the voice interaction is also ok. Most of them can be controlled by voice, such as opening the window and making a phone call to cut songs, with quick response and little delay.

5. Sitting space: The space distance between the front row and the rear row is worthy of the length of 4.2 meters and its wheelbase, and it will never appear crowded. The rear row sits down and punches the knee.

6. Manipulation: The steering wheel is very light, which is very suitable for girls. It is more labor-saving, and you will get used to it after driving for a long time.

Disadvantages:

1. Trunk: The trunk is small, even a slightly larger box can’t be put down, and the folding electric bicycle of the driver can’t be put down.

2. Shock absorption: The shock absorption is really poor. A little over the speed bump will make the car body fluctuate, which may be the cause of tire pressure.

3. Tire: I don’t know what kind of tire to use, and the tire noise is loud. I started to slip at the red light on the uphill twice. Later, I didn’t dare to step on the switch too deep when I started uphill, but I still encountered two starts to slip on rainy days.

4. Sound: The sound effect is average.

5. Seats: Seat heating is not as practical as ventilation, and the co-pilot seat has no electric adjustment.

6. Endurance: In the mountainous county of Chongqing, there are many steep slopes, and driving is rather impetuous. I use air conditioning and music all the time. The average speed is 50 kilometers per hour, and the endurance is only about 50%, but I am very satisfied with the fact that I can run at a high speed of 7.7%.

7. Charging pile gun head: the gun is pulled out within 15 seconds after unlocking, but it doesn’t work many times. You have to lock the car again and then try to unlock it.

8. Car machine: At present, there are not many softwares that can be downloaded, and many of them need to purchase advanced unlocking options.

/

Summary: There is no perfect car, you have to buy what you like and accept its shortcomings. At this price, a good cat is more valuable.

Hanzhong Asian Dragon price reduction news, discount 30,000! Limited time special offer

Welcome to [Autohome Hanzhong Promotion Channel], especially to bring you the latest preferential information about the model. At present, this popular medium and large sedan is undergoing an unprecedented price reduction promotion in Hanzhong. Buyers can enjoy a cash discount of up to 30,000 yuan, and the minimum starting price has been reduced to 148,800 yuan. This opportunity is not to be missed. Friends who want to know more about the discount and strive for the highest car purchase discount, please be sure to click the "Check Car Price" button in the quotation form to seize this rare car purchase opportunity.

汉中地区亚洲龙降价消息，优惠3万！限时特惠

The exterior design of the Toyota Asian Dragon is exquisite and atmospheric, showing a unique modern sense. Its front face adopts a streamlined design, and the air intake grille adopts a large area of chrome decoration to create a strong visual impact. The overall style combines movement and stability, with smooth lines and luxurious details, bringing the driver a respectful travel experience.

汉中地区亚洲龙降价消息，优惠3万！限时特惠

The side lines of the Asian Dragon are smooth and dynamic, and the body size is 4990mm*1850mm*1450mm, showing an elegant and atmospheric body ratio. The wheelbase is 2870mm, which makes the body interior space sufficient, and the front and rear wheelbases are 1595mm and 1605mm respectively, ensuring good driving stability and handling. The tire specification adopts a wide design of 215/55 R17, which complements the body. The wheel style is characterized by a modern styling, adding a sporty atmosphere to the overall appearance.

汉中地区亚洲龙降价消息，优惠3万！限时特惠

The interior design of the Asian Dragon upholds the fusion of elegance and modernity, creating a spacious and comfortable driving space. The exquisite plastic steering wheel provides a good grip, supports manual up and down + front and rear adjustment, which is convenient for drivers to adjust according to their needs. The 10.25-inch central control screen is clear and easy to operate. It integrates multimedia functions and charging interfaces, including Type-C interface, to bring convenient technology experience to passengers.

The seats are made of fabric, considering durability and comfort. The main and auxiliary seats support multi-directional adjustment, including front and rear, backrest and high and low 2-way adjustment, to ensure the comfort of the driver and occupant for a long time. This configuration fully reflects the attention to detail and user-friendly design of Asian Dragon.

汉中地区亚洲龙降价消息，优惠3万！限时特惠

For the Asian Dragon, it is equipped with a 2.0L L4 engine capable of outputting a maximum power of 127 kilowatts and a peak torque of 206 Nm. The engine is equipped with a CVT continuously variable transmission that simulates 10 gears, providing a smooth driving experience and fuel economy for the vehicle.

As the owner of Autohome said, the Asian Dragon’s appearance and design charm are indeed unique among many models. The domineering front design and stability in cornering he mentioned undoubtedly add more confidence to the driving experience. For consumers who pursue cost performance and appearance value, the Asian Dragon is undoubtedly an ideal choice. It not only brings face, but also reflects excellent performance in actual use.

Design ＂Beijing＂ Exclusive interview with BJ60 design team

　　[Autohome David Aesthetics] The recently released BJ60 can be said to be a landmark new car for Beijing Off-Road. It represents the design of the "Beijing Off-Road" brand, entering a new era, and the last time was (|). What kind of value can the design work of this medium and large hardcore SUV bring to users? David Aesthetics, tells the value of design.

Autohome

　　This issue of "David Aesthetics" was exclusively invited by Beijing Off-Road to chat with the main design leaders of the BJ60 design team in the evaluation hall of the Beijing Automotive Research Institute about the design of the new car.

Autohome

What kind of styling design can bear the weight of the word "Beijing"?

　　The design center of Beijing Automotive Research Institute is of course responsible for more than just Beijing off-road brand. The work involves many models of the entire BAIC Group, but in the face of such a heavyweight new model as BJ60, the senior management and the design and development team have maintained considerable caution.

Autohome

　　The BJ60 project started in 2019 and will be released in June 2022. In the context of the ultra-fast pace of Chinese brand design and development, the design and development cycle like BJ60 undoubtedly means more investment. Designers at all levels face more challenging work and greater pressure.

Autohome

　　The pressure faced by the design team led by Shan Wei may be comparable to that ** the director team ** CCTV ****** Festival Gala. After all, even people who don’t know cars, as long as they are not "Nine Leaky Fish" or have not watched the news broadcast, will be aware ** the extraordinary status ** the word "*******" as a brand logo. So what kind ** design concept can accurately express the understanding ** the word "*******" among the general public? In the end, they sorted out the impression ** "*******": inheritance, stability and modernity.

Autohome

　　Based on this perceptual cognition, the design team proposed Beijing Off-Road Design Concept 3.0 – "emotional hard core", the hard core should reflect the masculinity and reliability of the off-road vehicle, and the emotion should reflect more warmth and comfort.

　　The most important core feature of the family language finally has a direction – the classic five-hole grille, the more eye-catching and optimized five-hole grille.

Autohome

　　Each rectangle of the five-hole grille is also exquisite. The rectangular elements are derived from the classic feature of Beijing city – the gate tower, which takes the shape of the shooting hole of the Zhengyangmen Arrow Tower. The rounded rectangles give people a hard and warm look, while conforming to the design language of "emotional hard core" and the product positioning of BJ60’s "home and play".

Autohome

　　As for why there are five holes, it comes from traditional culture. In traditional Chinese culture, we often say that "nine" is the extreme number, and "five" is the most positively balanced number, representing a balanced, stable and reliable intention.

Autohome

　　At present, the overall trend of car design is biased towards exaggeration, or bigger and bigger mouth grilles, or bizarre headlights, which give consumers a stronger stimulus with more eye-catching shapes, in order to stand out among many competitors. However, the overall shape of BJ60 did not follow this exaggerated trend.

Autohome

Become an off-road vehicle user and discover the hidden wildness and tenderness

　　The positioning of BJ60 is "home and play", and the design of such a set of styling styles is an in-depth analysis of the target users during the market survey at the beginning of the project. The positioning of BJ60 is higher than that of BJ40. The target users are people who like off-road and are willing to take their families to play off-road. The activity radius is large, and of course there will be long-distance self-driving needs.

Autohome

Autohome

　　Perennial mixing in the off-road group, this experience makes Qiu Xu very familiar with off-road users, he is familiar with the preferences and potential needs of off-road people, and has a lot of insights beyond market surveys.

Gold supporting actor Wu Mengda was admitted to the hospital with cancer, which is not far from us ordinary people

Those who love to watch Hong Kong movies must be familiar with Wu Mengda. The nonsense comedy he once cooperated with Zhou Xingchi swept the Chinese film industry. As an old-timer in the Hong Kong film industry, many peers and juniors respectfully called him "Uncle Da".

On February 20, according to Hong Kong media reports, Wu Mengda was ill and admitted to a cancer hospital in Hong Kong. Tian Qiwen revealed Wu Mengda’s condition in an interview.

"Wu Mengda was found to have liver cancer before the Lunar New Year, and the cancer has begun to spread. He recently completed surgery and entered the chemotherapy stage. He is so weak that he can’t even speak."

Perhaps knowing the danger of liver cancer, Hong Kong media reported that Wu Mengda had made wills for his five children.

When it comes to celebrities suffering from liver cancer, it is actually quite a few. The famous poet Wang Guozhen, the Hong Kong film and television actress Shen Dianxia, Fu Biao, Luo Wen, and the famous musician Zhao Yingjun… They all died of liver cancer.

Liver cancer is not far away from us.

Statistics show that the number of new cases of liver cancer in the world in 2020 is about 910,000, the number of deaths is 830,000, and the number of deaths ranks third among all cancers! In terms of gender, men are far ahead of women in various data!

The scope is narrowed down to domestic,Our country accounts for 55% of the world’s liver cancer patients.Global average liver cancer in 2020The number of new cases is about 410,000, and the number of liver cancer deaths is 390,000, ranking second among all cancers.

Understanding liver cancer

Liver cancer was once called the "king of cancers."In China, on average, one person is diagnosed with liver cancer every 67 secondsOn average, one person dies from liver cancer every 74 seconds (2015 data).

In our country, the high incidence of liver cancer has an important pathogenic factor – more than 100 million people with chronic hepatitis B/C patients. More than 80% of liver cancer patients have a history of chronic hepatitis B/C virus infection, and the course of the vast majority of liver cancer patients in our country follows this path:

Chronic hepatitis such as hepatitis B→liver cirrhosis→liver cancer

After being infected with the virus, many patients do not receive timely treatment and gradually develop into chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and liver cirrhosis. On the basis of liver cirrhosis, it is found that there are space-occupying lesions or elevated alpha-fetoprotein in the liver, which basically reaches the level of precancerous lesions of the liver.

Liver cancer is very insidious, with fewer early and mid-stage symptoms that are difficult to detect, and once signs such as ascites, abdominal mass, and severe jaundice appear, it is often advanced…

How to cause liver cancer

The following factors can all contribute to liver cancer, including:

Water pollution, hepatitis virus infection, eating moldy food,Long-term mood changes, long-term consumption of high-salt and smoked foods,heredity.Alcoholism, staying up late, taking too many drugs.

Liver cancer symptoms

There may be no obvious symptoms in the early stage of liver cancer. When patients with liver cancer experience uncomfortable symptoms, they are mostly in the advanced stage of liver cancer…

Some liver cancers develop from cirrhosis, and the symptoms of cirrhosis are to some extent equivalent to the symptoms before or in the early stages of liver cancer, including:

Loss of appetite, bloating, weight loss, yellowing of skin and white eyeballs, deepening of urine color, bleeding, "liver palms (red on both sides of the palm) ", red moles on the skin of the chest and back, female menstrual disorders, female amenorrhea, decreased male libido, male hair loss, male breast development, dark skin, low fever, edema, varicose veins in the abdominal wall, etc.

Liver cancer survival

In general,Early liver cancer did not spread and metastasize, Surgical resection is a more effective treatment method. After resection, with radiotherapy and chemotherapy,The 5-year survival rate can reach over 60%.

Once advanced, especially after the tumor has metastasized, the surgical effect is much worse. If the patient cooperates with treatment, the survival time is slightly longer, and vice versa.

Liver cancer tests include

Blood test tumor indicators

Abdominal ultrasound

Puncture biopsy – A small sample of liver tissue is taken under a microscope to determine whether it is cancerous.

Liver cancer treatment options

Surgery to remove the cancerous part

Liver Transplantation – Replacing a diseased liver with a healthy liver

Ablation therapy – kills cancer cells in the liver without surgery and can be done with heat, microwaves, lasers, or radiation

Immunotherapy – ready-to-use drugs work with the immune system to block cancer growth

Chemotherapy – using drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth

Prevent liver cancer

1. Vaccination against hepatitis B starts with the prevention of chronic hepatitis B to prevent the occurrence of liver cancer.

2. Patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C should receive standard antiviral treatment.

3. Avoid eating moldy foods to reduce aflatoxin exposure.

4. Avoid drinking water containing microcystins.

5. Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption, maintain a healthy weight, and prevent diabetes. If you have diabetes, you should pay attention to chronic disease control and strengthen physical examination.

6. People at high risk of liver cancer should undergo regular screening to test for tumor markers and liver imaging.

The emphasis here is on drinking,Drinking alcohol can be said to be the most damaging thing to the liver!

The main component of alcohol is ethanol. When drinking alcohol on an empty stomach, it only takes 15 minutes for 50% of the ethanol to enter the bloodstream, and 45% of it will go to the liver! It is conceivable how much damage long-term drinking can do to the liver. Over time, fatty liver and alcoholic liver follow one after another. Alcoholic hepatitis is also prone to secondary cirrhosis until the occurrence of liver cancer.

In addition, I would like to say that the elderly must pay attention to their personal health. When we are young, we can do whatever we want with our bodies. However, once we enter the threshold of middle age, our body’s immune function will decline and we will be more susceptible to diseases.

The People’s Daily published an article entitled "How Many People Have Not Survived the Dangerous Period of 45-55?", which states:45-55 years old is a high-risk period in lifeDuring this period, various diseases were highly susceptible to outbreaksThe doctors called it"The Swamp of Life’s Journey"…

Doctors divide a person’s life into four important periods:

0-35 years old – healthy period

During the most active period of life, various tissues and organs of the body develop from the beginning to perfection, and their physical functions are at their best.

35-45 years old – the stage of disease formation

People’s physical functions decline, and some organs begin to decline, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, and diabetes symptoms begin to appear.

45-55 years old – during the outbreak of the disease

Many diseases explode at this stage, especially heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

55-65 years old – a safe transition period

If you are lucky enough to have no obvious symptoms of disease after the age of 65, later life is a relatively safe period.

This age group happens to be at the peak of life and career. They often work overtime and are in a state of sub-health. They are burdened with family responsibilities, old and young, and bear both mental and economic pressures. During this period, they have the most frequent interpersonal relationships, social entertainment, frequent drinking and smoking, and are most susceptible to illness.

Therefore, don’t neglect your own health just because you are young and strong, and wait until some diseases are diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Therefore, remember one truth:Never make fun of your health!